Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

842 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    297 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

308 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    156 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    134 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    38 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Low frequency 156 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Tyndall DA et al. 1991 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - 64 MHz - continuous for 36 min. on gestational day 7 MRI
Borhani N et al. 2011 animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body cell death (DNA fragmentation) in blastocysts, fertility of female mice 50 Hz - continuous for 4 h/day, 6 days/week for 2 weeks magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Sandström M et al. 1987 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body embryonal development and malformations 20 kHz - continuous for 42 h magnetic field, signals/pulses, PC/TV monitor
Youbicier-Simo BJ et al. 1997 animal, chicken embryos (eggs) and chickens after hatching, whole body - 50–80 Hz - continuous for 47 days magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor
Farrell JM et al. 1997 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 48 h magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Litovitz TA et al. 1994 - - 100 Hz - continuous for 48 h magnetic field, signals/pulses
Cameron IL et al. 1985 animal, Japanese rice fish (<i>Oryzias latipes</i>) (embryo), whole body embryogenesis 60 Hz - continuous for 48 h electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
Leal J et al. 1982 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs) - 100 Hz - continuous for 48 h magnetic field, geomagnetic field, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz
Delgado JM et al. 1982 - - 10–100 Hz - continuous for 48 hrs magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency
Ubeda A et al. 1983 - - 100 Hz - continuous for 48 hrs magnetic field, signals/pulses
Maffeo S et al. 1984 - - 100 Hz–1 kHz - continuous for 48 hrs magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency
Chacon L et al. 1990 - - 30 Hz - continuous for 48 hrs magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Terol FF et al. 1995 animal, fertilized eggs of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body - 50–100 Hz - continuous for 48 hrs magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Svedenstal BM et al. 1995 animal, mouse/CBA/s, whole body fetal resorption 20 kHz - continuous for 5 1/2 or 7 days magnetic field, intermediate frequency
Rajendra P et al. 2004 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body neurotransmitter levels in the brain and tissue damage in chicken embryos 50 Hz - continuous for 5, 10 and 15 days magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Juutilainen J et al. 1986 - - 100 Hz - continuous for 52 hrs magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Yip YP et al. 1994 animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 15–200 Hz - continuous for 6 h MRI
Kuzna-Grygiel W et al. 2005 invertebrate, fertilized eggs of pig roundworm (<i>Ascaris suum</i>) embryonic development 50 Hz - continuous for 60 days 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
Severini M et al. 2010 animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body tadpole development and teratogenic effects 50 Hz - continuous for 60 days magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Saito K et al. 2006 animal, mouse/SS - - - continuous for 60 min on day 7.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5, or 14.5 of pregnancy static magnetic field
Grimaldi S et al. 2004 animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (tadpoles), whole body tadpole survival and metamorphosis-rate 50 Hz - continuous for 65 days magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Burack G et al. 1984 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 8 days electric field, 50/60 Hz
Juutilainen J et al. 1997 animal, mouse/CBA/Ca and CBA/s, whole body fetal loss/resorptions 50 Hz - continuous for 8 days, 24 hrs/day 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency, magnetic field
Portet R et al. 1988 animal, rat/Long-Evans and rabbit, whole body - 50 Hz - continuous for 8 h/day for 4 weeks electric field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Dupont MJ et al. 2004 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body effects on neurons and glia cells 500 mHz - continuous for 9 days ( 2 days befor and 7 days after birth) magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses