Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

842 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    297 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

308 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    156 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    134 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    38 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Low frequency 156 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Farrell JM et al. 1997 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 48 h magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Rommereim DN et al. 1990 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body - 60 Hz - intermittent; 19h/day, 7days/week electric field, 50/60 Hz
Tyndall DA 1993 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - 36 min/day from day 7 to day 14 of gestation static magnetic field, MRI
Sikov MR et al. 1987 animal, swine/Hanford miniatur, whole body malformations, development, weight and size of foetuses, number, weight, size, development and health status of pups 60 Hz - 20 h/day, 7 days/week electric field, 50/60 Hz
Berman E et al. 1990 - - 100 Hz - 48 h magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Zecca L et al. 1985 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult), whole body - 50 Hz - 3 h/day, 4 weeks magnetic field, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz
Huuskonen H et al. 1993 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body fetal development/teratogenicity 50 Hz - continuous for 20 days magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, intermediate frequency
Frölen H et al. 1993 animal, mouse/CBA/s, whole body embryogenesis 20 kHz - 12, 14, 18, or 19 days magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency
Kowalczuk CI et al. 1994 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body - 50 Hz - 24 hr/day from 0 to 17 day of gestation. magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Ubeda A et al. 1994 - - 100 Hz - 48 hrs magnetic field, low frequency
Svedenstal BM et al. 1995 animal, mouse/CBA/s, whole body fetal resorption 20 kHz - continuous for 5 1/2 or 7 days magnetic field, intermediate frequency
Juutilainen J et al. 1986 - - 1 Hz–100 kHz - 52 hrs magnetic field, intermediate frequency
Chiang H et al. 1995 - - 15.6 kHz - 4 h/day from 6th to 17th day of gestation magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency
Martin AH 1988 - - 100 Hz - 24 h magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Youbicier-Simo BJ et al. 1997 animal, chicken embryos (eggs) and chickens after hatching, whole body - 50–80 Hz - continuous for 47 days magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor
Juutilainen J et al. 1997 animal, mouse/CBA/Ca and CBA/s, whole body fetal loss/resorptions 50 Hz - continuous for 8 days, 24 hrs/day 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency, magnetic field
Farrell JM et al. 1998 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - 8, 15, 17, 20, 23, or 26 h magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Juutilainen J et al. 1986 - - 100 Hz - continuous for 52 hrs magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Mevissen M et al. 1994 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body - 50 Hz - repeated daily exposure of 24 hrs for 20 days magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Wiley MJ et al. 1992 - - 20 kHz - - magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency
Zusman I et al. 1990 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley and mouse - 1–100 Hz - - electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Stuchly MA et al. 1988 - - 17.857 kHz - 7 h/day for 15 days before and 22 days after conception magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency
Nguyen P et al. 1995 intact cell/cell culture, embryonic cells from <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (embryo), whole body - 60 Hz - 16 to 18 h 50/60 Hz, magnetic field
Zimmerman S et al. 1990 invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) (embryo), whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 23 h, starting 4 min post fertilization magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Litovitz TA et al. 1994 - - 100 Hz - continuous for 48 h magnetic field, signals/pulses