Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

842 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    297 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

308 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    156 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    134 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    38 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Low frequency 156 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Ubeda A et al. 1994 - - 100 Hz - 48 hrs magnetic field, low frequency
Kowalczuk CI et al. 1994 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body - 50 Hz - 24 hr/day from 0 to 17 day of gestation. magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Gona AG et al. 1993 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 60 Hz - 7-8 h/day for 23 days with 30 min/day interruption for nursing electric field, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
Yu MC et al. 1993 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult) - 60 Hz - continuous, 23h/d for 18d to 40d 50/60 Hz
Sakamoto S et al. 1993 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley albino (adults, fetuses and neonatals), whole body - 60 Hz - 1.3 months (1 month prior to mating through lactation period), 3,3 months (3 mo prior to mating through lactation period) 50/60 Hz
Frölen H et al. 1993 animal, mouse/CBA/s, whole body embryogenesis 20 kHz - 12, 14, 18, or 19 days magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency
Huuskonen H et al. 1993 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body fetal development/teratogenicity 50 Hz - continuous for 20 days magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, intermediate frequency
Tyndall DA 1993 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - 36 min/day from day 7 to day 14 of gestation static magnetic field, MRI
Piera V et al. 1992 - - - - continuous -
Bellossi A 1992 - - - - repeated exposure, 30 min/day, on 2 non-consecutive days/week, lifelong magnetic field, signals/pulses, therapeutic/medical device
Wiley MJ et al. 1992 - - 20 kHz - - magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency
Behr KP et al. 1991 animal, chicken embryos, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - - - - RF field, static magnetic field, MRI
Koch WE et al. 1991 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 33–50 Hz - 10 times 10 ms, 6 times 1 ms, 26 times 20 ms or 5 times 30 ms magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz
Tyndall DA et al. 1991 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - 64 MHz - continuous for 36 min. on gestational day 7 MRI
Tyndall DA 1990 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Prasad N et al. 1990 animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 0 Hz - 1 hr RF field, static magnetic field, MRI
Chacon L et al. 1990 - - 30 Hz - continuous for 48 hrs magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses
McGivern RF et al. 1990 - - 15 Hz - 15 min twice a days from day 15 till day 20 of gestation signals/pulses
Zimmerman S et al. 1990 invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) (embryo), whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 23 h, starting 4 min post fertilization magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Zusman I et al. 1990 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley and mouse - 1–100 Hz - - electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Berman E et al. 1990 - - 100 Hz - 48 h magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Rommereim DN et al. 1990 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body - 60 Hz - intermittent; 19h/day, 7days/week electric field, 50/60 Hz
Kay HH et al. 1988 animal, embryos of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (African clawed frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 64 MHz - - MRI
Heinrichs WL et al. 1988 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body - 15–400 Hz - continuous for 16 h MRI, also other exposures without EMF
Maffeo S et al. 1988 - - 100 Hz - - magnetic field, signals/pulses
Portet R et al. 1988 animal, rat/Long-Evans and rabbit, whole body - 50 Hz - continuous for 8 h/day for 4 weeks electric field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Stuchly MA et al. 1988 - - 17.857 kHz - 7 h/day for 15 days before and 22 days after conception magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency
Martin AH 1988 - - 100 Hz - 24 h magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Sandström M et al. 1987 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body embryonal development and malformations 20 kHz - continuous for 42 h magnetic field, signals/pulses, PC/TV monitor
Juutilainen J et al. 1987 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 50 Hz - continuous magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Rommereim DN et al. 1987 animal, rat/Charles River, whole body - 60 Hz - 19 h/day electric field, 50/60 Hz
Falugi C et al. 1987 - - 5 kHz - 2 to 4 hrs signals/pulses
Zimmermann B et al. 1987 animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body - - - continuous for 18 days static magnetic field, DC, MRI
Sikov MR et al. 1987 animal, swine/Hanford miniatur, whole body malformations, development, weight and size of foetuses, number, weight, size, development and health status of pups 60 Hz - 20 h/day, 7 days/week electric field, 50/60 Hz
Nishikawa U et al. 1986 - - - - - signals/pulses
Juutilainen JP 1986 - - 100 Hz - continuous, during incubation magnetic field, low frequency
Ozil JP et al. 1986 - - - - - signals/pulses, electric current application
Konermann G et al. 1986 animal, mouse/albino - - - - static magnetic field, DC, MRI
Bardasano JL et al. 1986 animal, chicken embryos (eggs) - 60 Hz - 4 to 5d magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Juutilainen J et al. 1986 - - 100 Hz - continuous for 52 hrs magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Juutilainen J et al. 1986 - - 1 Hz–100 kHz - 52 hrs magnetic field, intermediate frequency
Rooze M et al. 1985 - - 15 Hz - - electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Kubiak JZ et al. 1985 - - - - - electric field, signals/pulses
Cameron IL et al. 1985 animal, Japanese rice fish (<i>Oryzias latipes</i>) (embryo), whole body embryogenesis 60 Hz - continuous for 48 h electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
Zecca L et al. 1985 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult), whole body - 50 Hz - 3 h/day, 4 weeks magnetic field, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz
Sikov MR et al. 1984 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body - 60 Hz - continuous electric field, 50/60 Hz
Seto YJ et al. 1984 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body - 60 Hz - repeated daily exposure, 21 hrs/d, pls see remark electric field, 50/60 Hz
Maffeo S et al. 1984 - - 100 Hz–1 kHz - continuous for 48 hrs magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency
Burack G et al. 1984 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 8 days electric field, 50/60 Hz
Ubeda A et al. 1983 - - 100 Hz - continuous for 48 hrs magnetic field, signals/pulses