Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tofani S et al. | 1986 | - | - | 27.12 MHz | - | continuous | - |
Liu LM et al. | 1975 | - | - | 9 GHz | - | continuous for 2 h | - |
Kaplan J et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 0.034–3.4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 3 h/day, 5 days/week, for 6 months | 2.45 GHz |
Fisher PD et al. | 1979 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous; for 4 days | 2.45 GHz, microwaves, CW continuous wave, low level microwaves |
Augustianath T et al. | 2023 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | 4G, GSM, mobile communications, mobile phone |
Pafkova H et al. | 1994 | animal, chicken (embryo), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | see remark* | 50/60 Hz, therapeutic/medical device |
Pecoraro R et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 27 GHz | - | - | 5G, mobile communications |
Karadayi A et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | CW continuous wave, W-LAN/WiFi, microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Gagnon ZE et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body | embryo development | 0 Hz–25 MHz | - | exposure started on the 18th day of pregnancy; one week later, offspring was born and maintained together with their mothers for 21 days. After that, only the mothers were left to continue for another 4 weeks. | EMF general |
Boga A et al. | 2014 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos), whole body | embryonic development of the African clawed frog | 900 MHz | 1 W/kg | continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h | GSM, mobile communications, RF field, co-exposure |
Pyrpasopoulou A et al. | 2004 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | expression and localization of bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors | 9.4 GHz | 500 nW/g | continuous during days 1-3 postcoitum | GSM, mobile communications, microwaves |
Moghimi A et al. | 2009 | animal, mouse/BALB/c | - | - | - | - | GSM, mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves, RF field |
Yip YP et al. | 1994 | animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 15–200 Hz | - | continuous for 6 h | MRI |
Tyndall DA et al. | 1991 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | 64 MHz | - | continuous for 36 min. on gestational day 7 | MRI |
Kay HH et al. | 1988 | animal, embryos of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (African clawed frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 64 MHz | - | - | MRI |
Prasad N et al. | 1982 | animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 30 MHz | - | - | MRI |
Jiang ML et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Zhu C et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Wang Y et al. | 2016 | human, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Heinrichs WL et al. | 1988 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | - | 15–400 Hz | - | continuous for 16 h | MRI, also other exposures without EMF |
Gu Y et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Tyndall DA | 1990 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Rofsky NM et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Nelson BK et al. | 1997 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | teratogenicity | 10 MHz | 0.8–7.9 W/kg | continuous for 2, 4 or 6 h | RF field |
Saito K et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | lethal and teratogenic effects | 428 MHz | 3.1–47.1 mW/kg | continuous during incubation for more than 20 days | RF field |
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