Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

884 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    319 studies
  2. Other
    313 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    122 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    54 studies
  5. Fertility
    49 studies
  6. Growth
    16 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    11 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

319 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    162 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    144 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    37 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Radio frequency 144 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Nelson BK et al. 1997 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 800 µW/g–6.6 mW/g ca. 30 min to raise the animal`s colonic temperature from 38°C to 42°C, then additional 10 min exposure to maintain the temperature at 42°C RF
Nelson BK et al. 1998 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD-VAF/Plus, whole body teratogenicty 10 MHz 800 µW/g–8 mW/g 2 or 4 h RF, CW continuous wave
Odaci E et al. 2013 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body spinal cord morphology and motor activity in young rats 900 MHz - intermittent for 1 hour/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy mobile phone, mobile communications
Ogawa K et al. 2009 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD IGS, partial body: head embryogenesis 1.95 GHz 0.11–7 W/kg 90 min/day from day 7 to day 17 of gestation mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications
Okazaki R et al. 2001 animal, mouse/ICR, whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - continuously for 2 days static magnetic field, MRI
Pafkova H et al. 1994 animal, chicken (embryo), whole body - 50 Hz - see remark* 50/60 Hz, therapeutic/medical device
Pais-Roldan P et al. 2016 animal, zebrafish embryos and larvae - - - - static magnetic field, MRI
Pawlak K et al. 2018 animal, chicken embryos (eggs) - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM
Pecoraro R et al. 2023 animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) - 27 GHz - - 5G, mobile communications
Popovicova A et al. 2024 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves