Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shamsi Mahmoudabadi F et al. | 2013 | case-control study | women, children in utero, 18–35 years | May - Dec 2012 | Iran | spontaneous abortion | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential |
Auger N et al. | 2019 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 1989 - 2016 | Canada | birth defects: central nervous system, sense organs (eye, nose, ear), orofacial clefts, heart, respiratory, digestive, abdominal wall/diaphragm, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems, multiple defects | magnetic field, electric field, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, electrical substation, residential |
Sato Y et al. | 2020 | ecological study | children in utero, newborns | 2009, 2014 | Japan | spontaneous fetal death rate, fetal death rate after the 22nd week of pregnancy, perinatal mortality rate and proportion of newborns weighing less than 2500 g | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker |
Sato Y et al. | 2023 | - | women, children in utero, newborns, ≥ 20 years | 2021 - 2022 | Japan | birth weight and gestational age at birth | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker |
Li DK et al. | 2017 | cohort study | women, children in utero, ≥ 18 years | not stated | USA | miscarriage | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Migault L et al. | 2018 | cohort study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2011, follow-up at the child's age of 2 months | France | premature birth between 33 and 37 weeks of gestation, small for gestational age | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, occupational, residential |
Migault L et al. | 2020 | pooled analysis | women, children in utero, newborns | 2011 | France | prematurity and small for gestational age | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, occupational, residential |
Li DK et al. | 2002 | cohort study, prospective cohort study | women, children in utero | October 1996 - October 1998 | USA | miscarriage | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, other domestic appliance, occupational, residential, personal |
Zhou F et al. | 2023 | meta-analysis | women, children in utero, newborns | 1980 - 2016 | France, Iran, Norway, Canada and England | adverse pregnancy outcomes, birth defect, preterm birth, miscarriage and stillbirth | magnetic field, low frequency, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, residential |
de Souza S et al. | 2021 | ecological study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2012 - 2017 | Brazil | congenital abnormality: gastroschisis | magnetic field, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, residential |
Irgens A et al. | 1997 | cohort study | men, women, children in utero, newborns | 1970 - 1993 | Norway | sex ratio, male proportion of offspring | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, high volt./current device/welder, occupational |
Zhao D et al. | 2021 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2014 - 2016 | China | congenital heart diseases | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, microw. oven/heating device, magnetic field, induction cooker, PC/TV monitor, low frequency, other domestic appliance, intermediate frequency, shielding/field deprivation |
Irani M et al. | 2023 | meta-analysis | women, children in utero | - | Iran, USA | miscarriage | mobile communications, mobile phone, low frequency, EMF general, also other exposures without EMF, occupational |
Col-Araz N | 2013 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | May - December 2009 | Turkey | birth weight and preterm birth | mobile phone, mobile communications, PC/TV monitor, personal |
Mortazavi SM et al. | 2013 | - | women, children in utero, newborns | not stated | Iran | birth weight | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, PC/TV monitor, personal, also other exposures without EMF |
Tan TC et al. | 2014 | case-control study | women, children in utero | November 2010 - February 2011 | Singapore | threatened miscarriage | mobile phone, mobile communications, other domestic appliance, personal |
Zhou LY et al. | 2017 | cross-sectional study | women, children in utero | January 2000 - December 2013 | China | spontaneous abortion | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, microw. oven/heating device, induction cooker, electric blanket, residential, personal, also other exposures without EMF |
Sadeghi T et al. | 2017 | case-control study | women, children in utero | 2013 - 2014 | Iran | preterm birth, birth defect, newborn death | power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, residential |
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