Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rofsky NM et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Roux C et al. | 1986 | - | - | 434 MHz | - | 15 min. | microwaves, co-exposure |
Sabban IF et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/ Wistar | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Sahingöz Yildirim AG et al. | 2022 | - | - | 10.715 GHz | - | - | microwaves |
Sahmelikoglu AG et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, shielding/field deprivation |
Saito K et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | lethal and teratogenic effects | 428 MHz | 3.1–47.1 mW/kg | continuous during incubation for more than 20 days | RF field |
Saito K et al. | 1995 | - | - | 428 MHz | - | - | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Salameh M et al. | 2023 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
Schmidt RE et al. | 1984 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 400 µW/g | continuous, from day 2-day18 of gestation | low level microwaves |
Schwartz JL et al. | 1985 | - | - | 2.695 GHz | 23 mW/g | repeated daily exposure of 12 hrs/day for 20 days | microwaves, PW pulsed wave |
Shirai T et al. | 2017 | - | - | 800 MHz–5.2 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, CDMA, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, co-exposure |
Smialowicz RJ et al. | 1981 | - | - | 100 MHz | 2.8 W/kg | 4 h/day | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Song X et al. | 2023 | - | - | 2.52 THz | - | - | TeraHz |
Spiers DE et al. | 1991 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 3.3–15.2 W/kg | 8 h/day for 1 to 15 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Takahashi S et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Crl:CD(SD), whole body | effects on rat dams and their offspring (teratogenicity and embryo toxicity) | 2.14 GHz | 0.04–0.16 W/kg | continuous for 20 hr/day from day 7 of gestation until weaning of F1 rats | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, CDMA, mobile communications |
Tofani S et al. | 1986 | - | - | 27.12 MHz | - | continuous | - |
Tomruk A et al. | 2022 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, mobile phone |
Torres-Ruiz M et al. | 2024 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 700–3,500 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G |
Tsybulin O et al. | 2012 | animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: embryo <i>in ovo</i> | number of somites in the embryos the 38 h exposed group; survival rate and hatchability of chicks, oxidative stress in brain, liver and heart in the 14 days exposed group | 890–915 MHz | 0.79 W/kg | continuous for 38 h | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, low level microwaves |
Tsybulin O et al. | 2013 | animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | number of somites in the embryos | 890–915 Hz | 3 µW/kg | intermittent for 38 h: 48 sec "on" (speech mode), 12 sec "off" | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Tyndall DA | 1993 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | 36 min/day from day 7 to day 14 of gestation | static magnetic field, MRI |
Tyndall DA | 1990 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Tyndall DA et al. | 1991 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | 64 MHz | - | continuous for 36 min. on gestational day 7 | MRI |
Umur AS et al. | 2013 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | development of the neural tube | - | 0.77 W/kg | standby mode for 30, 48 or 72 hours | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Vagula M et al. | 2013 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
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