Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

842 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    297 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

308 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    156 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    134 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    38 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Radio frequency 134 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Moghimi A et al. 2009 animal, mouse/BALB/c - - - - GSM, mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves, RF field
Heinrichs WL et al. 1988 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body - 15–400 Hz - continuous for 16 h MRI, also other exposures without EMF
Fragopoulou AF et al. 2010 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body teratogenicity, foetal development 900 MHz 0.6–0.94 W/kg continuous for 6 min/day or 30 min/day during 5 days before and during the whole pregnancy mobile phone, digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Magras IN et al. 1997 animal, mouse/BALB/c/f, whole body teratogenicity 88.5–950 MHz 1.936 µW/g 5 pregnancies mobile communications, RF field, Radio/TV transmitter, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), AM radio transmitters, SW broadcast (KW)
Xenos TD et al. 2003 animal, mouse/Bulb/c/f; Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix Japonica</i>); chicken eggs of the strain KOBB; rat, whole body development during prenatal exposure 95 MHz 189 µW/kg–5.655 mW/kg continuous for 6 months RF field, microwaves, UHF fields, Radio/TV transmitter, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW)
Tyndall DA 1993 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - 36 min/day from day 7 to day 14 of gestation static magnetic field, MRI
Tyndall DA et al. 1991 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - 64 MHz - continuous for 36 min. on gestational day 7 MRI
Tyndall DA 1990 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Nawrot PS et al. 1981 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body embryo and fetus development 2.45 GHz 3.9–40.2 mW/g continuous 4h microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Berman E et al. 1982 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body fetus abnormalities 2.45 GHz 16.5 mW/g 100 min/day from 6th-17th day of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz