Study overviews

Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:

Epidemiological studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on children

337 studies in total
  1. Leukemia
    134 studies
  2. Other health effects
    89 studies
  3. Pregnancy outcomes
    88 studies
  4. Brain/CNS tumor
    68 studies
  5. Other types of cancer
    32 studies
  6. Lymphoma
    20 studies
  7. Cancer (unspecified)
    19 studies

Leukemia

134 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    112 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    19 studies
  3. Other
    5 studies
  4. DC and static fields
    one study

Low frequency 112 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Authors Year Study type Study group Observation period Study location Endpoints Parameters
Grellier J et al. 2014 pooled analysis children, 0–14 years - - childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Pedersen C et al. 2014 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1968 - 2006 Denmark childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, residential
Bunch KJ et al. 2014 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1962 - 2008 UK childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other solid tumors magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Swanson J et al. 2014 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1962 - 2008 UK childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer electric field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Leitgeb N 2014 pooled analysis children, 0–14 years - - childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
Ba Hakim AS et al. 2014 case-control study children, 0–14 years January 2001 - May 2007 Malaysia acute leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Bunch KJ et al. 2015 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1962 - 2008 UK childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, DC, underground cable, high-voltage direct current (HVDC), residential
Pedersen C et al. 2015 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1968 - 2003 Denmark childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, underground cable, electrical substation, residential
Leitgeb N 2015 - children, 0–14 years - - childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Bunch KJ et al. 2016 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1962 - 2008 UK lymphoid leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Amoon AT et al. 2018 pooled analysis, case-control study children, 0–14 years 1960 - 2014 Brazil, USA; Denmark, France, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia, UK childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Swanson J et al. 2018 reanalysis, case-control study children, 0–14 years 1962 - 2008 UK childhood leukemia 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, magnetic field, residential
Swanson J et al. 2019 meta-analysis children, 0–14 years - USA, Canada, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Mexico, Taiwan, Germany, Greece, New Zealand, Italy, UK, Japan, China, Iran, Brazil, Czech Republic, France, Malaysia childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Crespi CM et al. 2019 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1986 - 2008 USA childhood leukemia magnetic field, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, residential
Brabant C et al. 2023 meta-analysis children, 0–14 years 1950 - 2011 USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Greece, Norway, UK, Italy, Czech Republik, France, Denmark, Japan, Taiwan, Iran, Malaysia, New Zealand childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, low frequency, electric blanket, other domestic appliance
Malavolti M et al. 2024 case-control study children, 0–14 years 1998 - 2019 Italy childhood leukemia magnetic field, electrical substation, low frequency, residential
Feychting M et al. 1995 pooled analysis children, 0–15 years 1960 - 1986 Sweden and Denmark leukaemia, malignant lymphoma, central nervous system tumor magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Feychting M et al. 1993 case-control study children, 0–15 years 1960 - 1985 Sweden childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, central nervous system tumor, other childhood cancer magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Kabuto M et al. 2006 case-control study children, 0–15 years 1999-2001 Japan acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Kheifets L et al. 2010 pooled analysis children, 0–15 years 1962 - 2009 Germany, Italy, UK, Japan, Australia, Brazil especially acute lympoblastic leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Zhao L et al. 2014 meta-analysis children, 0–15 years 1962 - 2007 USA, Canada, UK, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand all childhood leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Crespi CM et al. 2016 case-control study children, 0–15 years 1986 - 2008 USA childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Núñez-Enríquez JC et al. 2020 case-control study children, 0–15 years 2010 - 2011 Mexico B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, residential
Nguyen A et al. 2022 case-control study children, 0–15 years 1986 - 2008 USA childhood leukemia magnetic field, power transmission line, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF, residential
Malagoli C et al. 2023 case-control study children, 0–15 years 1998 - 2019 Italy childhood leukemia magnetic field, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, low frequency, residential
Nguyen A et al. 2023 case-control study children, 0–15 years 1988 - 2008 USA childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure, residential
Zaki AM et al. 2020 meta-analysis children, 0–15 years - Iran, Italy, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Canada, USA, New Zealand all childhood cancer, childhood leukemia mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, microwaves, cordless phone, RF field, Radio/TV transmitter, electric field, magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, low frequency, power transmission line, EMF general, laptop/tablet, residential, co-exposure
Crespi CM et al. 2024 case-control study children, 0–15 years 1967-2017 Finland, Israel, Hungary, The Netherlands, Switzerland childhood leukemia magnetic field, low frequency, residential
Mejia-Arangure JM et al. 2007 case-control study children, 0–16 years 1995 - 2003 Mexico acute leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Schüz J et al. 2007 pooled analysis children, 0–16 years 1988 - 1996 Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, USA childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Kheifets L et al. 2017 case-control study children, 0–16 years 1988 - 2008 USA childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, low frequency, residential
Amoon AT et al. 2022 pooled analysis children, 0–16 years 1962 - 2010 USA, Denmark, Italy, UK all types and acute lymphoblastic leukemia as subgroup magnetic field, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, residential
Wertheimer N et al. 1979 case-control study children, 0–18 years 1950 - 1973 USA childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer, all childhood cancer magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Sohrabi MR et al. 2010 case-control study children, 0–18 years January 2009 - May 2009 Iran acute lymphoblastic leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Meinert R et al. 1996 meta-analysis children, 0–19 years - USA, UK, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Greece, Mexico childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer, all childhood cancer magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Verkasalo PK et al. 1993 cohort study children, 0–19 years 1970 - 1989 Finland childhood leukemia, childhood lymphoma, central nervous system tumor, other childhood cancer magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Seomun G et al. 2021 meta-analysis children, 0–19 years 1960 - 2009 UK, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Italy, New Zealand, Canada, USA, Japan, Iran, Brazil, Czech Republic, Malaysia childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer magnetic field, low frequency, power transmission line, 50/60 Hz
Fulton JP et al. 1980 case-control study children, 0–20 years 1964 - 1978 USA childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Angelillo IF et al. 1999 meta-analysis children, 0–20 years - USA, England, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Germany, Denmark, Greece, and New Zealand childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Milham S et al. 2001 - children, 0–4 years 1920 - 1960 USA childhood leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, inhouse wiring, residential, personal
Does M et al. 2011 case-control study children, 0–8 years March 2002 - June 2007 USA childhood leukemia touch current, 50/60 Hz, residential
Wünsch Filho V et al. 2011 case-control study children, 0–8 years January 2003 - February 2009 Brazil acute lymphocytic leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Svendsen AL et al. 2007 cohort study children, 1–14 years July 1988 - June 1993 (Lower Saxony), January 1991 - September 1994 (Berlin), January 1990 - September 1994 (West Germany) West-Germany acute lymphoblastic leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Schüz J et al. 2012 pooled analysis children, 1–14 years different in each country, starting in 1988 Canada, Denmark, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, USA, UK, Japan childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential
Foliart DE et al. 2006 cohort study, prospective cohort study children, 1–15 years beginning in September 1996 - January 2001; event free time tracked until December 2004 USA acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, inhouse wiring, residential
Tabrizi MM et al. 2015 case-control study children, children in utero, 0–11 years 2013 - 2014 Iran acute lymphoblastic leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential, also other exposures without EMF
Tabrizi MM et al. 2015 case-control study children, children in utero, 0–11 years not stated Iran acute lymphoblastic leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, residential, also other exposures without EMF
Hatch EE et al. 1998 case-control study children, children in utero, 0–14 years 1989 - 1993 USA acute lymphoblastic leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, electric blanket, other domestic appliance, personal
Reid A et al. 2011 case-control study children, children in utero, 0–14 years July 2003 - December 2006 Australia childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia low frequency, occupational
Keegan TJ et al. 2012 case-control study children, children in utero, 0–14 years 1962 - 2006 Great Britain total childhood leukemia, lymphoid leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, other types of leukemia magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, occupational, also other exposures without EMF