Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farashi S et al. | 2022 | meta-analysis | men, women, children, 6–80 years | - | - | headache | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Abramson MJ et al. | 2009 | cross-sectional study | children, 11–14 years | 2005 - 2006 | Australia | cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, simple learning, associative learning, movement monitoring/estimation, Stroop test) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Thomas S et al. | 2010 | cohort study | children, 12–15 years | 2006 - 2007 | Australia | cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, learning, Stroop test) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Redmayne M et al. | 2016 | cohort study | children, 8–11 years | 2011 | Australia | cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, learning, Stroop test) | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone |
Bhatt CR et al. | 2017 | cohort study | children, 9–11 years | 2010 - 2012, follow-up 2012 - 2013 | Australia | cognitive function | mobile communications, mobile phone, cordless phone |
Brzozek C et al. | 2019 | reanalysis | children, 9–11 years | 2011 - 2013 | Australia | cognitive function | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Babu MA et al. | 2023 | survey | men, women, children, 1–30 years | - | Bangladesh | health effects (e.g. headache, poor eyesight, mental health, eating habit) | mobile communications, mobile phone, W-LAN/WiFi, laptop/tablet |
Zheng F et al. | 2014 | cross-sectional study | men, women, children, 12–20 years | not stated | China | inattention | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Zheng F et al. | 2015 | cross-sectional study | children, 9–12 years | October 2011 - May 2012 | China | headache, dizziness, fatigue, feeling low, heart beating fast, sleep disturbances | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Wang J et al. | 2017 | meta-analysis | men, women, children, 7–70 years | 1996 - 2014 | China, Denmark, India, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Taiwan | headache | mobile phone, mobile communications, analog mobile phone, digital mobile phone, NMT, GSM |
Preece AW et al. | 2007 | survey | men, women, children | 2001 | Cyprus | all cancer, all childhood cancer, reproductive history, sex ratio, congenital abnormalities, specific illnesses such as diabetes, migraine; childhood illnesses, mortality, general health, risk perception | RF field, residential |
Divan HA et al. | 2008 | cohort study | children, children in utero, 7 years | November 2006 | Denmark | behavioral problems: conduct, hyperactivity, emotional, peer and social disorders | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Divan HA et al. | 2012 | cohort study | children, children in utero, 7 years | December 2008 | Denmark | behavioural problems | mobile communications, mobile phone, personal |
Divan HA et al. | 2011 | cohort study | children, 0–7 years | 1996 - 2002, 2008 | Denmark | developmental delays of motor, cognitive, and language milestones | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Sudan M et al. | 2012 | cohort study | children, children in utero, ≥ 7 years | until April 2010 | Denmark | migraine, headaches, headache-related symptoms (stomach aches or sickness) | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Sudan M et al. | 2013 | cohort study | children, 0–7 years | 1996 - 2002 | Denmark | hearing loss | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Sudan M et al. | 2016 | cohort study | women, children in utero, 7–11 years | 1996 - 2002, follow-up at the age of 7 and 11 years | Denmark | emotional and behavioural difficulties | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Birks L et al. | 2017 | cohort study | children, children in utero, 5–7 years | 1996 - 2011 | Denmark, Netherlands, Korea, Norway, and Spain | overall behavioral problems, hyperactivity/inattention problems and emotional problems | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Sudan M et al. | 2018 | - | children, children in utero, 4–6 years | - | Denmark, Spain, Korea | cognitive function | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Zaghloul NM et al. | 2019 | - | men, women, children, 15–64 years | 2018 | Egypt | headache, vision problems, ear problems, musculo-skeletal problems, psychological troubles, social impact, weight changes, sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Eger H et al. | 2009 | preliminary study | men, women, children, ≥ 10 years | 2000 - 2007 | Germany | brain tumor, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, ovarian carcinoma, melanoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, residential |
Thomas S et al. | 2010 | cross-sectional study | children, 8–17 years | 2006 - 2008 | Germany | overall behavioural problems (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer relationship problems) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, personal |
Milde-Busch A et al. | 2010 | cross-sectional study | children, 13–17 years | not stated | Germany | headache (migraine, tension-type headache, miscellaneous headache) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Heinrich S et al. | 2011 | cross-sectional study | children, 8–17 years | 2006 - 2007 | Germany | chronic symptoms over the last 6 months: headache, irritation, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue, and fear, sleep disturbances | mobile phone, digital mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Heinrich S et al. | 2010 | cross-sectional study | children, 8–17 years | 2006 - 2008 | Germany | headache, irritation, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue and concentration problems | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Buchner K et al. | 2011 | - | men, women, children, 2–68 years | January 2004 - July 2005 | Germany | level of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, and phenylethylamine in urine | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM, residential |
Dolk H et al. | 1997 | ecological study | men, women, children | 1974 - 1986 | Great Britain | acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, brain tumor, skin melanoma, bladder cancer, childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor | TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), residential |
Dolk H et al. | 1997 | ecological study | men, women, children | 1974 - 1986 | Great Britain | acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, benign and malignant brain tumors, in women and men, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, skin melanoma, eye melanoma, childhood leukemia, other childhood cancer | TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), residential |
Srujana Aravinda VS et al. | 2022 | - | children, 4–14 years | not stated | India | cellular changes in buccal mucosa | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Thamilselvan S et al. | 2021 | - | men, women, children, 5–50 years | not stated | India | micronuclei in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells | mobile communications, mobile phone base station |
Zarei S et al. | 2015 | case-control study | children, children in utero, 3–5 years | 2014 | Iran | speech problems | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, other domestic appliance |
Mortazavi SM et al. | 2011 | cross-sectional study | children, 6–16 years | not stated | Iran | headache, myalgia, palpitation, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problems, attention problems, nervousness | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, PC/TV monitor |
Zarei S et al. | 2019 | - | women, children, children in utero, 3–7 years | 2016 | Iran | speech problems | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, W-LAN/WiFi, cordless phone, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, also other exposures without EMF |
Mortazavi SMJ et al. | 2018 | - | men, women, children, 11–79 years | not stated | Iran | subjective symptoms (e.g., headache, vertigo, myalgia, palpitation, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problem, attention problem, nervousness, back pain and toothache), sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, residential |
Zvi E et al. | 2020 | cohort study | women, children, children in utero, newborns, 0–6 years | 2011 - 2017 | Israel | neurodevelopment: communication, daily living skills, socialization and motor skills | MRI |
Yamazaki K et al. | 2023 | - | children, 8–14 years | 2003 - 2020 | Japan | conduct problems, hyperactivity, emotional symptoms, peer problems and prosocial behavior | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, mobile phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, personal, residential |
Byun YH et al. | 2013 | cohort study | children, 8–11 years | 2005 - 2006, follow-up 2009 - 2010 | Korea | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Hwang Y et al. | 2016 | cross-sectional study | men, women, children, 14–18 years | 2013 | Korea | eye symptoms: vision blurring, redness, visual disturbance, secretion, inflammation, lacrimation and dryness | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Choi KH et al. | 2017 | cohort study | women, children, children in utero, 0–3 years | 2006 - 2010, follow-up at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months of age | Korea | neurodevelopment: mental and psychomotor infant development | mobile communications, mobile phone, TETRA/TETRAPOL, PCS, CDMA, RF field, FM broadcast (UKW), Radio/TV transmitter, co-exposure, residential, personal |
Cabré-Riera A et al. | 2021 | cross-sectional study | children, 9–18 years | - | Netherlands | cognitive function: non-verbal intelligence, information processing speed, attentional function, visual attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory, and semantic fluency | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, laptop/tablet |
Redmayne M et al. | 2013 | cross-sectional study | children, 10–14 years | June - October 2009 | New Zealand | headache, feeling low, sleeping difficulties, tinnitus | mobile phone, mobile communications, DECT, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, personal |
Felix OK et al. | 2014 | - | men, women, children | not stated | Nigeria | health effects (e.g., headache, loss of appetite), sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM |
Papadopoulou E et al. | 2017 | cohort study | women, children, children in utero, newborns, 0–5 years | 1999 - 2008 | Norway | language skills, communication skills, motor skills | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Meo SA et al. | 2015 | cross-sectional study | children, 12–17 years | not stated | Saudi Arabia | glycated hemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) | mobile phone base station, mobile communications, residential |
Vrijheid M et al. | 2010 | cohort study | children in utero, one year | July 2004 - July 2006 | Spain | mental and psychomotor development | mobile communications, mobile phone, personal |
Calvente I et al. | 2016 | cohort study | children, 9–11 years | 2000 - 2002, follow-up 2011 - 2012 | Spain | neuropsychological functions (intelligence quotient, verbal expression and comprehension, attention, verbal memory, visual-motor coordination, executive function (e.g., working memory, cognition inhibition, motor inhibition, abstract reasoning), processing speed) and behavioral problems | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, mobile communications, RF field, Bluetooth, DECT, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), AM radio transmitters, SW broadcast (KW), DVB-T, radar, wireless transmitter, intermediate frequency, residential |
Carlberg M et al. | 2016 | - | men, women, children, 0–80 years | 1970 - 2013 | Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Iceland | thyroid cancer | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, also other exposures without EMF |
Taziki Balajelini MH et al. | 2022 | - | men, women, children | - | Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Spain und Brazil | hearing impairment | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Schoeni A et al. | 2015 | cohort study | children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2014 | Switzerland | memory performance (verbal and figural memory) | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter |
Schoeni A et al. | 2016 | cohort study | men, women, children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2013, follow-up 1 year later | Switzerland | headache, tiredness, lack of concentration, exhaustibility, lack of energy and physical ill-being | mobile phone base station, mobile communications, Radio/TV transmitter, residential |
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