Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dolk H et al. | 1997 | ecological study | men, women, children | 1974 - 1986 | Great Britain | acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, benign and malignant brain tumors, in women and men, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, skin melanoma, eye melanoma, childhood leukemia, other childhood cancer | TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), residential |
Dolk H et al. | 1997 | ecological study | men, women, children | 1974 - 1986 | Great Britain | acute leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, brain tumor, skin melanoma, bladder cancer, childhood leukemia, childhood brain/CNS tumor | TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), residential |
Preece AW et al. | 2007 | survey | men, women, children | 2001 | Cyprus | all cancer, all childhood cancer, reproductive history, sex ratio, congenital abnormalities, specific illnesses such as diabetes, migraine; childhood illnesses, mortality, general health, risk perception | RF field, residential |
Byun YH et al. | 2013 | cohort study | children, 8–11 years | 2005 - 2006, follow-up 2009 - 2010 | Korea | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Çöl N et al. | 2021 | - | women, children in utero, 0–5 years | - | Turkey | bedtime resistance, nighttime waking, waking up crying, difficulties in falling asleep, and mean sleep duration at nighttime and day- time | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, microw. oven/heating device, W-LAN/WiFi, other domestic appliance, residential |
Guxens M et al. | 2013 | cohort study | children, ≥ 5 years | 2003 - 2011 | The Netherlands | behavior problems | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, cordless phone, personal |
Roser K et al. | 2016 | cohort study | men, women, children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2013, follow-up 2014 | Switzerland | behavioral problems (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems and prosocial behavior) and concentration capacity (homogeneity, power and accuracy) | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, residential, personal |
Divan HA et al. | 2008 | cohort study | children, children in utero, 7 years | November 2006 | Denmark | behavioral problems: conduct, hyperactivity, emotional, peer and social disorders | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Divan HA et al. | 2012 | cohort study | children, children in utero, 7 years | December 2008 | Denmark | behavioural problems | mobile communications, mobile phone, personal |
Kok RD et al. | 2004 | - | children, children in utero, newborns, 0–9 years | 1998 - 2000 | The Netherlands | birth weight, gestational age at birth, type of delivery, and arterial pH at birth, neurological evaluation (functioning of eyes and ears), gross and fine motor functioning, social development and communication | MRI |
Chartier AL et al. | 2019 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2008 - 2015 | USA | birth weight, hearing impairment | MRI |
Eger H et al. | 2009 | preliminary study | men, women, children, ≥ 10 years | 2000 - 2007 | Germany | brain tumor, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, ovarian carcinoma, melanoma, childhood brain/CNS tumor, other childhood cancer | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, residential |
Srujana Aravinda VS et al. | 2022 | - | children, 4–14 years | not stated | India | cellular changes in buccal mucosa | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Clements H et al. | 2000 | - | children in utero, newborns | not stated | UK | childhood development (adaptive, fine motor, gross motor, speech and language, and personal-social); neurological examination | MRI |
Heinrich S et al. | 2011 | cross-sectional study | children, 8–17 years | 2006 - 2007 | Germany | chronic symptoms over the last 6 months: headache, irritation, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue, and fear, sleep disturbances | mobile phone, digital mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Bhatt CR et al. | 2017 | cohort study | children, 9–11 years | 2010 - 2012, follow-up 2012 - 2013 | Australia | cognitive function | mobile communications, mobile phone, cordless phone |
Sudan M et al. | 2018 | - | children, children in utero, 4–6 years | - | Denmark, Spain, Korea | cognitive function | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Brzozek C et al. | 2019 | reanalysis | children, 9–11 years | 2011 - 2013 | Australia | cognitive function | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Thomas S et al. | 2010 | cohort study | children, 12–15 years | 2006 - 2007 | Australia | cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, learning, Stroop test) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Redmayne M et al. | 2016 | cohort study | children, 8–11 years | 2011 | Australia | cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, learning, Stroop test) | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone |
Abramson MJ et al. | 2009 | cross-sectional study | children, 11–14 years | 2005 - 2006 | Australia | cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, simple learning, associative learning, movement monitoring/estimation, Stroop test) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Cabré-Riera A et al. | 2021 | cross-sectional study | children, 9–18 years | - | Netherlands | cognitive function: non-verbal intelligence, information processing speed, attentional function, visual attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory, and semantic fluency | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, laptop/tablet |
Guxens M et al. | 2016 | cohort study | children, 5–6 years | 2003 - 2010 | The Netherlands | cognitive function: speed of information processing, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and visuomotor coordination | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Yamazaki K et al. | 2023 | - | children, 8–14 years | 2003 - 2020 | Japan | conduct problems, hyperactivity, emotional symptoms, peer problems and prosocial behavior | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, mobile phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, personal, residential |
Divan HA et al. | 2011 | cohort study | children, 0–7 years | 1996 - 2002, 2008 | Denmark | developmental delays of motor, cognitive, and language milestones | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Sudan M et al. | 2016 | cohort study | women, children in utero, 7–11 years | 1996 - 2002, follow-up at the age of 7 and 11 years | Denmark | emotional and behavioural difficulties | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Guxens M et al. | 2019 | cross-sectional study | children, 5 years | 2003 - 2010 | The Netherlands | emotional and behavioural problems | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, also other exposures without EMF |
Hwang Y et al. | 2016 | cross-sectional study | men, women, children, 14–18 years | 2013 | Korea | eye symptoms: vision blurring, redness, visual disturbance, secretion, inflammation, lacrimation and dryness | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Bouyssi-Kobar M et al. | 2015 | cohort study | women, children, children in utero, newborns, 0–4 years | not stated | USA | functional skills in communication, daily living skills, socialization, motor skills; hearing and vision skills | MRI |
Chou IJ et al. | 2014 | cross-sectional study | men, women, children, 7–60 years | - | UK | general discomfort, dizziness, noisiness, claustrophobia and feeling of cold or warm | MRI |
Bektas H et al. | 2022 | - | children, children in utero | - | Turkey | general motor movements | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Meo SA et al. | 2015 | cross-sectional study | children, 12–17 years | not stated | Saudi Arabia | glycated hemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) | mobile phone base station, mobile communications, residential |
Wang J et al. | 2017 | meta-analysis | men, women, children, 7–70 years | 1996 - 2014 | China, Denmark, India, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Taiwan | headache | mobile phone, mobile communications, analog mobile phone, digital mobile phone, NMT, GSM |
Farashi S et al. | 2022 | meta-analysis | men, women, children, 6–80 years | - | - | headache | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Milde-Busch A et al. | 2010 | cross-sectional study | children, 13–17 years | not stated | Germany | headache (migraine, tension-type headache, miscellaneous headache) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Zheng F et al. | 2015 | cross-sectional study | children, 9–12 years | October 2011 - May 2012 | China | headache, dizziness, fatigue, feeling low, heart beating fast, sleep disturbances | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Redmayne M et al. | 2013 | cross-sectional study | children, 10–14 years | June - October 2009 | New Zealand | headache, feeling low, sleeping difficulties, tinnitus | mobile phone, mobile communications, DECT, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, personal |
Heinrich S et al. | 2010 | cross-sectional study | children, 8–17 years | 2006 - 2008 | Germany | headache, irritation, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue and concentration problems | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Mortazavi SM et al. | 2011 | cross-sectional study | children, 6–16 years | not stated | Iran | headache, myalgia, palpitation, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problems, attention problems, nervousness | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, PC/TV monitor |
Schoeni A et al. | 2016 | cohort study | men, women, children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2013, follow-up 1 year later | Switzerland | headache, tiredness, lack of concentration, exhaustibility, lack of energy and physical ill-being | mobile phone base station, mobile communications, Radio/TV transmitter, residential |
Schoeni A et al. | 2017 | cohort study | men, women, children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2013, follow-up 2013 - 2014 | Switzerland | headache, tiredness, lack of concentration, exhaustibility, lack of energy and physical ill-being | mobile phone, UMTS, GSM, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, cordless phone, Radio/TV transmitter, W-LAN/WiFi, personal, residential |
Kücer N et al. | 2014 | survey | men, women, children, 9–80 years | 2011 | Turkey | headache, vertigo/dizziness, fatigue, forgetfulness, insomnia, tension-anxiety, joint and bone pain, lacrimation of the eyes, hearing loss and tinnitus, insomnia | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Zaghloul NM et al. | 2019 | - | men, women, children, 15–64 years | 2018 | Egypt | headache, vision problems, ear problems, musculo-skeletal problems, psychological troubles, social impact, weight changes, sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Chiu CT et al. | 2015 | cross-sectional study | children, 11–15 years | May 2010 - September 2010 | Taiwan | headaches/migraine and skin itches, insomnia, excess daytime sleepiness | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Babu MA et al. | 2023 | survey | men, women, children, 1–30 years | - | Bangladesh | health effects (e.g. headache, poor eyesight, mental health, eating habit) | mobile communications, mobile phone, W-LAN/WiFi, laptop/tablet |
Felix OK et al. | 2014 | - | men, women, children | not stated | Nigeria | health effects (e.g., headache, loss of appetite), sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM |
Taziki Balajelini MH et al. | 2022 | - | men, women, children | - | Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Spain und Brazil | hearing impairment | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Sudan M et al. | 2013 | cohort study | children, 0–7 years | 1996 - 2002 | Denmark | hearing loss | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Zheng F et al. | 2014 | cross-sectional study | men, women, children, 12–20 years | not stated | China | inattention | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Papadopoulou E et al. | 2017 | cohort study | women, children, children in utero, newborns, 0–5 years | 1999 - 2008 | Norway | language skills, communication skills, motor skills | mobile communications, mobile phone |
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