Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Merritt JH et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body: in utero | brain development | 2.45 GHz | 400 µW/g | repeated daily exposure, 24 h/day for 16 days | microwaves, PW pulsed wave, 2.45 GHz |
Akakin D et al. | 2021 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i> and young animals) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Azimzadeh M et al. | 2024 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Erdem Koc G et al. | 2016 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>), partial body: head of mothers | neuron number in hippocampus of offspring | 900 MHz | 2 W/kg | 1 hour/day from the 1st to the 21st day of gestation | mobile phone, mobile communications, RF, co-exposure |
Lameth J et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Wistar (adults and pubs), partial body | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, PW pulsed wave |
An K et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Wistar (pregnant females and fetuses) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications, co-exposure |
Motawi TK et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/Wistar albino | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Ahmed NA et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (adults and young animal) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, PW pulsed wave |
Othman H et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (embryo), whole body | mental development and oxidative stress in brain of rat pups | 2.45 GHz | - | 2 hours/day during gestation | W-LAN/WiFi, RF, 2.45 GHz |
Gülsüm Deniz Ö et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (pregnant females and fetuses) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Odaci E et al. | 2008 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, partial body: maternal head | histopathology of the hippocampus, number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus | 900 MHz | 2 W/kg | 60 min/day, from the first to the last day of gestation | mobile communications |
Bas O et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | neuronal development of hippocampus (number and histopathological changes of pyramidal cells in the cornu ammonis) | 900 MHz | 2 W/kg | continuous during gestation (19 days) | mobile phone, mobile communications, RF |
Orendacova J et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | postnatal neurogenesis | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous for 2 h on postnatal day 7 or day 28 | microwaves, PW pulsed wave, 2.45 GHz |
Narayanan SN et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | oxidative stress in the brain | 890–915 MHz | 1.58 W/kg | intermittent for 1 h/day for 28 days | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Drecun M et al. | 1990 | animal, rat/Wistar, partial body: head | EEG | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous for two weeks; started on the sixth day after birth | microwaves, PW pulsed wave, 2.45 GHz |
Watilliaux A et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar, partial body: head (mainly) | stress reaction and glial activation in the immature brain | 1,800 MHz | 0.13–2.5 W/kg | continuous for 2 h on postnatal day 5, 15 or 35 | GSM, mobile communications |
Inaloz SS et al. | 1997 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | histological changes of the brain of the dams and their offspring | 2.45 GHz | 2.3 mW/g | NIR15: 15 min/day, NIR30: 30 min/day from gestation to day of birth (21st or 22nd day after gest.) | microwaves, microw. oven/heating device |
Kumlin T et al. | 2007 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | brain development | 900 MHz | 0.3–3 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 5 weeks | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Ait-Aissa S et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | gliosis and apoptosis in the brains of young rats | 2.45 GHz | 0.08–9 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks (day 6 to day 21 of gestation) or 7 weeks (day 6 to day 21 of gestation + 5 weeks after birth) | RF, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Paulraj R et al. | 2006 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | morphological changes and protein kinase C enzyme activity in the developing rat brain | 2.45 GHz | 0.11 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day on 35 days | microwave pulses, 2.45 GHz |
Haghani M et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | electrical activity of Purkinje cells, cerebellum-related behaviour | 900 MHz | 0.5–0.9 W/kg | 6 h/day during whole gestation | mobile phone, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Razavinasab M et al. | 2016 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | electrophysiological changes of pyramidal cells, learning and memory | 900 MHz | 0.3–0.9 W/kg | 6 h/day during gestation | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Saikhedkar N et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | structure and function of the rat brain and oxidative stress | 900 MHz | 0.99 W/kg | continuous for 4 h/day for 15 days | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Narayanan SN et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | neural structure of the hippocampus, learning and spatial memory | 900 MHz | 1.15 W/kg | continuous for 1 h/day for 28 days | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, RF |
Jing J et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body: antenna close to the ear | level of neurotransmitters and oxidative stress in the brain | - | 0.9 W/kg | 3 times per day (3 x 10, 30 or 60 min) for 20 days during gestation | mobile phone, mobile communications, microwaves |
Noor NA et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/albino | amino acid neurotransmitter levels in different brain areas | 900 MHz | 1.165 W/kg | continuous for 1 h/day for up to 4 months | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Khadrawy VA et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/albino | - | 900 MHz | 1.165 W/kg | continuous for 1 h/day for up to 4 months | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Albert EN et al. | 1981 | animal, squirrel monkey (<i>Saimiri sciureus</i>), whole body | density of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar uvula | 2.45 GHz | 3.4 mW/g | 3 h/day from the thirty-fifth day of gestation + 9.5 months after birth | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Bhargav H et al. | 2016 | human | - | 2,100 MHz | 0.4–0.54 W/kg | - | mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications |
Kramarenko AV et al. | 2003 | human, partial body: ear | EEG | 100 MHz | - | - | GSM, mobile communications |
Movvahedi MM et al. | 2014 | human, partial body: ear | - | 900 MHz | 1.45 W/kg | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Krause CM et al. | 2006 | human, partial body: head | oscillatory EEG responses during cognitive processing in children | 902 MHz | 1.4–1.98 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | GSM, mobile communications |
Loughran SP et al. | 2013 | human, partial body: head | waking EEG, cognitive performance | 900 MHz | 0.35–1.4 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Croft RJ et al. | 2010 | human, partial body: left/right hemisphere | resting EEG (alpha waves) | 894.6 MHz | 0.7–1.7 W/kg | continuous for 55 min | GSM, W-CDMA, mobile communications |
Leung S et al. | 2011 | human, partial body: left/right hemisphere | event-related potentials and performance during oddball paradigma and n-back task | 894.6 MHz | 0.7–1.7 W/kg | continuous for 55 min | GSM, W-CDMA, mobile communications |
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