Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bas O et al. | 2022 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF |
Akefe IO et al. | 2023 | animal, mouse | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Azimzadeh M et al. | 2024 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Ghatei N et al. | 2017 | animal, mouse/BALB/c (pregnant females and young animal) | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications |
Krause CM et al. | 2006 | human, partial body: head | oscillatory EEG responses during cognitive processing in children | 902 MHz | 1.4–1.98 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | GSM, mobile communications |
Furtado-Filho OV et al. | 2015 | animal, rat, whole body | oxidative damages of DNA, proteins and lipids in the cortex | 950 MHz | 0.35–1.32 W/kg | continuous for 30 min/day from the first day of gestation until birth | UHF fields |
Masuda H et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | 1,457 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, PDC, microwaves |
Ushiyama A et al. | 2007 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | effects on blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier permeability | 1.5 GHz | 0.5–10.4 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | PDC, TDMA, mobile communications |
Kim JH et al. | 2021 | - | - | 1,760–1,850 MHz | - | - | RF |
Güler G et al. | 2010 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body | lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in the brain | 1,800 MHz | - | continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days - from day 15 to day 22 of gestation | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Watilliaux A et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar, partial body: head (mainly) | stress reaction and glial activation in the immature brain | 1,800 MHz | 0.13–2.5 W/kg | continuous for 2 h on postnatal day 5, 15 or 35 | GSM, mobile communications |
Guler G et al. | 2016 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body | - | 1,800 MHz | 18 mW/kg | - | GSM, mobile communications |
Xu F et al. | 2016 | - | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Lameth J et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Wistar (adults and pubs), partial body | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, PW pulsed wave |
Zhang JP et al. | 2017 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body | - | 1.8 GHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications, RF |
Ahmed NA et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (adults and young animal) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, PW pulsed wave |
Akakin D et al. | 2021 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i> and young animals) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Kim JH et al. | 2024 | animal, mouse/ICR | - | 1,850 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, RF |
Bhargav H et al. | 2016 | human | - | 2,100 MHz | 0.4–0.54 W/kg | - | mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications |
Kesari KK et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/ Wistar, whole body | DNA damage, protein expression, apoptosis and oxidative stress in brain | 2,115 MHz | 0.26–0.9 W/kg | continuous for 2 hours/day for 60 days | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Singh KV et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar | - | 2,115 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
DastAmooz S et al. | 2018 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | W-LAN/WiFi, RF |
Albert EN et al. | 1981 | animal, squirrel monkey (<i>Saimiri sciureus</i>), whole body | density of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar uvula | 2.45 GHz | 3.4 mW/g | 3 h/day from the thirty-fifth day of gestation + 9.5 months after birth | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Inaloz SS et al. | 1997 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | histological changes of the brain of the dams and their offspring | 2.45 GHz | 2.3 mW/g | NIR15: 15 min/day, NIR30: 30 min/day from gestation to day of birth (21st or 22nd day after gest.) | microwaves, microw. oven/heating device |
Merritt JH et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body: in utero | brain development | 2.45 GHz | 400 µW/g | repeated daily exposure, 24 h/day for 16 days | microwaves, PW pulsed wave, 2.45 GHz |
Drecun M et al. | 1990 | animal, rat/Wistar, partial body: head | EEG | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous for two weeks; started on the sixth day after birth | microwaves, PW pulsed wave, 2.45 GHz |
Orendacova J et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | postnatal neurogenesis | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous for 2 h on postnatal day 7 or day 28 | microwaves, PW pulsed wave, 2.45 GHz |
Ait-Aissa S et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | gliosis and apoptosis in the brains of young rats | 2.45 GHz | 0.08–9 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks (day 6 to day 21 of gestation) or 7 weeks (day 6 to day 21 of gestation + 5 weeks after birth) | RF, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Paulraj R et al. | 2006 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | morphological changes and protein kinase C enzyme activity in the developing rat brain | 2.45 GHz | 0.11 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day on 35 days | microwave pulses, 2.45 GHz |
Othman H et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (embryo), whole body | mental development and oxidative stress in brain of rat pups | 2.45 GHz | - | 2 hours/day during gestation | W-LAN/WiFi, RF, 2.45 GHz |
Chiang H et al. | 1987 | - | - | 3 GHz | 3.5 mW/g | repeated daily exposure, 5 h/day, see add. information | microwaves, low level microwaves, PW pulsed wave |
Paulraj R et al. | 2012 | - | - | 9.9 GHz | 1 W/kg | 2 h/day for 35 days | microwaves, radar |
Sharma A et al. | 2017 | animal, mouse/Swiss albino (pregnant females) | - | 10 GHz | - | - | microwaves |
Sharma A et al. | 2017 | - | - | 10 GHz | - | - | microwaves |
Paulraj R et al. | 2012 | - | - | 16.5 GHz | 2.01 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day at 35 days (6 days/week) | low level microwaves, AM amplitude modulation |
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