Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peeling J et al. | 1988 | invertebrate, nematode (<i>Panagrellus redivivus</i>) | - | 1–25 Hz | - | continuous for 96 h | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, DC, static magnetic field |
Lee Jr JM et al. | 1995 | animal, sheep/Suffolk, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | - | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Lee Jr JM et al. | 1993 | animal, sheep/Suffolk (lambs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 40 weeks. | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
Reiter RJ et al. | 1988 | animal, rat (embryo and young animal), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure for 23 days, 19 hr/day. | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Bellossi A | 1991 | - | - | 12–460 Hz | - | repeated exposure, 2 x 30 min/week, lifelong | magnetic field, signals/pulses |
Shen YH et al. | 1997 | animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body | development of lymphoma and leukemia | 50 Hz | - | 3 h/day, 6 days/week for 16 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
DiCarlo AL et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | survival rate | 60 Hz | - | 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Martin AH et al. | 1995 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 72 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Liu H et al. | 1997 | - | - | - | - | repeated daily exposure, 3 h/day, for 2 days | magnetic field, signals/pulses |
Truong H et al. | 1996 | animal, DJungarian hamster (<i>Phodopus sungorus</i>), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 15 min/day for 25 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Marino AA et al. | 1980 | animal, mouse/Ha/ICR, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | from the pregnancy of the first generation until 119th day after birth of the third generation | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
McClanahan BJ et al. | 1983 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure, 20 h/day for 30 days. | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Fitzsimmons RJ et al. | 1986 | - | - | 10 Hz | - | - | electric field, low frequency |
Picazo ML et al. | 1996 | animal, mouse/Of1, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | from conception until 14 weeks of age | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Moses GC et al. | 1993 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 3 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Moses GC et al. | 1992 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 78-88 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 20 min or 96 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Persinger MA et al. | 1978 | - | - | 500 mHz | - | 5 days | magnetic field, low frequency |
Miyakawa T et al. | 2001 | invertebrate, <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>/PC72 (transgenic, with reporter gene construct encoding beta-galactosidase under control of <i>hsp16</i> heat shock promotor) | gene expression (of the heat shock protein-16 gene, HSP16) | 60 Hz | - | up to 120 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Abramsson-Zetterberg L et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/CBA/Ca, whole body | number of micronuclei | 50 Hz | - | 18 days (exposed or sham exposed) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Rajkovic V et al. | 2001 | animal, rat/Mill Hill, whole body | thyroid gland histology and thyroid hormone blood concentration in rats | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 7 h/day, 5 days/week, for 3 months | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Abou-Ali G et al. | 2002 | - | - | 10 Hz–5 MHz | - | 20-30 min | electric field |
Otaka Y et al. | 2002 | animal, mouse/B6C3F1 (F1 generation from male C3H/HeJ and female C57BL/6J mice), whole body | tumor incidence | 50 Hz | - | (females) 2 and (males) 9 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Baum SJ | 1979 | - | - | 5 Hz–1 MHz | - | repeated daily exposure, 8 h/day, for 45 days | electric field, signals/pulses |
Beraldi R et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/CD-1 (embryo), whole body | embryo survival | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 5 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Vallejo D et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/OF1, whole body | leukemia | 50 Hz | - | continuous during pregnancy and for 14-15 or 50-52 weeks after birth | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Vallejo D et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/OF1, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 14 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Rajkovic V et al. | 2005 | animal, rat/Mill Hill, whole body | effects on thyroid gland mast cells | 50 Hz | - | 7 h/day, 5 days/week for 3 months starting 24 h after birth | electric field, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Björasen AM et al. | 2004 | intact cell/cell culture, K562 cells (human erythroleukemic cell line), animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | survival/mortality | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 20 min (MF) and 75 min (UV-C) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Dupont MJ et al. | 2005 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino, whole body: fetus | - | 500 mHz | - | 48 h prenatal exposure with field off for 30 min every 4 h | magnetic field, geomagnetic field, low frequency, shielding/field deprivation |
Leitgeb N et al. | 2005 | human, partial body: lateral side of the forearm | electric current perception | 50 Hz | - | until first perception of the current | touch current, electric current application, 50/60 Hz |
Wilmot JJ et al. | 1993 | - | - | - | - | - | signals/pulses, electrotherapy |
Singh S et al. | 1999 | animal, mouse/Swiss albino, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | 8 h / day for 8 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Luo Q et al. | 2006 | ICR mouse embryo cultures | DNA damage (double-strand breaks) | 50 Hz | - | 24 h | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, low frequency, co-exposure |
Shafey TM et al. | 2006 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 20 Hz–100 kHz | - | not given in this article | electric field, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Shafey TM et al. | 2006 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | weight of the lymphoid organs and immune response in chickens | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 18 days | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Udroiu I et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/CD-1 Swiss, whole body | clastogenic and aneugenic effects | 50 Hz | - | 24 h/day for 21 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Salti R et al. | 2006 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, not extractable |
Leitgeb N et al. | 2007 | human, partial body: forearms | perception threshold | 50 Hz | - | current linearly increased until perception of current | touch current, electric current application, 50/60 Hz |
Leitgeb N et al. | 2006 | human, partial body: lateral side of the forearm | electric current perception | 50 Hz | - | until first perception of current; repeated 6 times with a 3 min break between the tests | touch current, electric current application, 50/60 Hz |
Lee HJ et al. | 2007 | - | - | 20 kHz | - | 8 h/day a) for mammary tumor: for 14 weeks from the day after DMBA treatment b) for lung tumor: for 6 weeks beginning after weaning c) for skin tumor: 20 weeks beginning 1 weeks after DMBA treatment | magnetic field, intermediate frequency |
Mannerling AC et al. | 2007 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | survival rate | 50 Hz | - | 10, 20 or 60 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Negishi T et al. | 2008 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | malignant lymphoma and lymphatic leukemia | 50 Hz | - | 22 h/day, 7 days/week for 30 weeks | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Yao K et al. | 2007 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | embryonic eye lens development | 50 Hz | - | 3 h/day for 18 days (from day 0 to 18 of gestation) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Whissell PD et al. | 2007 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field |
St-Pierre LS et al. | 2007 | - | - | 500 mHz | - | from day 3 before birth until day 14 after birth | magnetic field |
St-Pierre LS et al. | 2008 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field |
Bellieni CV et al. | 2008 | - | - | - | - | - | therapeutic/medical device |
Hinsenkamp MG et al. | 1982 | - | - | - | - | - | electric field |
Vadeyar SH et al. | 2000 | human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
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