Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tomruk A et al. | 2010 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body | oxidative stress induced liver damage (hepato-toxicity: DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde level) | 1,800 MHz | - | continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Guler G et al. | 2012 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body | effects on the liver of young rabbits (DNA damage and lipid peroxidation) | 1,800 MHz | 1.8 W/kg | continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days (female) or 14 days (male) | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Sekeroglu V et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | DNA damage (chromosome aberration, micronucleus test), cytotoxicity | 1,800 MHz | 0.37–0.49 W/kg | continuous for two hours/day for 45 days | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Ozgur E et al. | 2013 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body: prenatal and/or postnatal | blood parameters, lipid peroxidation | 1,800 MHz | - | 15 min/day for 7 days in pregnant animals (between 15th and 22nd day of gestation), for 7 days in female infants and for 14 days in male infants | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Erkut A et al. | 2016 | - | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Meral O et al. | 2016 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | GSM, mobile communications, RF field |
Budak GG et al. | 2009 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, PW pulsed wave |
Yakymenko I et al. | 2018 | animal, Japanese quail eggs | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Tumkaya L et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi |
Pawlak K et al. | 2018 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM |
Kıran D et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, mobile phone |
Falcioni L et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | brain and heart tumors | 1,835 MHz | 0.001–0.1 W/kg | 19 h/day, 7 days/week from 12th day of gestation until natural death (up to 152 weeks) | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM |
Kim JH et al. | 2019 | animal, mouse/ICR | - | 1,850 MHz | - | - | mobile communications |
Choi SB et al. | 2014 | human | - | 1,950 MHz | 1.57 W/kg | - | mobile phone, W-CDMA, mobile communications, personal |
Lerchl A et al. | 2020 | animal, mouse/C3H/HeNCrl x C57Bl/6N | - | 1,960 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, UMTS, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Tillmann T et al. | 2010 | animal, mouse/B6C3F1, whole body | neoplasms and pre-neoplastic lesions and tumour incidences in spleen, kidneys, liver, lung, lymph nodes, and brain | 1,966 MHz | 0.62–5.76 W/kg | continuous for 20 hr/day, 7 days/week for up to 24 months | UMTS, mobile communications |
Yan S et al. | 2022 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J | - | 2 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, RF field, CW continuous wave |
Bhargav H et al. | 2017 | human | - | 2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications |
Shirai T et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | fertility, development, brain functions and morphology of major organs of rats | 2.14 GHz | 0.034–0.244 W/g | continuous for 20 h/day over 3 generations | mobile phone, W-CDMA, mobile communications |
Ohtani S et al. | 2015 | - | - | 2.14 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, W-CDMA |
Fukui Y et al. | 1992 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body | mouse brain development | 2.45 GHz | 480 mW/g | 15 or 20 min on day 13 of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Hamnerius Y et al. | 1979 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, whole body | frequency of induced somatic mutations | 2.45 GHz | 100 W/kg | continuous for 6 h | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Spiers DE et al. | 1987 | animal, rat/albino (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>), whole body | thermoragulatory responses | 2.45 GHz | - | 4h/day for 10 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Gildersleeve RP et al. | 1988 | animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: eggs (<i>in ovo</i>) | cell death or injury | 2.45 GHz | 4.03 nW/g | first 12 days of artifical breeding | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Preskorn SH et al. | 1978 | animal, mouse/CFW, whole body | longevity/survival | 2.45 GHz | 35 mW/g | 20 min/day during days 11 to 14 of gestation and 19 th to 54 th day post-partum | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
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