Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

843 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    298 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

308 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    156 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    134 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    38 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Low frequency 156 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Bayat PD et al. 2011 animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body embryogenesis (spleen development) 50 Hz - continuous for 10 h/day on 5 days magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Roda-Moreno JA et al. 2003 animal, chicken embryos, whole body - 50 Hz - continuous for 15 days magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Roda-Murillo O et al. 2005 animal, fertilized eggs of <i>Gallus domesticus</i> (chicken; Leghorn HR7 variety) teratogenicity (body weight and cranial/cephalic development) 50 Hz - continuous for 15 or 21 days 50/60 Hz
Heinrichs WL et al. 1988 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body - 15–400 Hz - continuous for 16 h MRI, also other exposures without EMF
Zimmermann B et al. 1987 animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body - - - continuous for 18 days static magnetic field, DC, MRI
Costa EV et al. 2015 animal, fertilized eggs of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>) development of the vascular system in the yolk sac membrane 60 Hz - continuous for 2 h, 3 times a day with intervals of 6 hours in between for 2 days magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Huuskonen H et al. 1993 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body fetal development/teratogenicity 50 Hz - continuous for 20 days magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, intermediate frequency
DiCarlo AL et al. 1998 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 20 min magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Di Carlo AL et al. 2000 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 20 min magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Di Carlo AL et al. 2001 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 20 min magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure
Severini M et al. 2010 animal, spawn and tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body tadpole development and teratogenic effects 50 Hz - continuous for 22 days magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Chung MK et al. 2003 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body fertility and health of mother rats and teratogenicity in fetuses 60 Hz - continuous for 22 h/day from day 6 to day 20 of gestation magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Nishimura I et al. 2011 animal, rat/Crl:CD(SD), whole body malformations of fetuses 20 kHz - continuous for 22 h/day from day 7 to day 17 of gestation magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker
Zimmerman S et al. 1990 invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) (embryo), whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 23 h, starting 4 min post fertilization magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Shams Lahijani M et al. 2000 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 50 Hz - continuous for 24 h magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Shams Lahijani M et al. 2004 fertilized chicken eggs teratogenicity/embryonal development 50 Hz - continuous for 24 h low frequency, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field
Shams Lahijani M et al. 1999 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 50 Hz - continuous for 24 h magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Shams Lahijani M et al. 2013 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body embryonic heart development 50 Hz - continuous for 24 h magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Lahijani MS et al. 2011 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body histopathology and apoptosis processes in chicken embryo brains, abnormalities 50 Hz - continuous for 24 h before incubation magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Lahijani MS et al. 2013 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body effects on the spleen 50 Hz - continuous for 24 hours magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Shams Lahijani M et al. 2009 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body histopathological and ultrastructural changes in livers in chicken embryos and malformations 50 Hz - continuous for 24 hr magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Shams Lahijani M et al. 2000 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body teratogenic effects 50 Hz - continuous for 24 hr magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Okudan B et al. 2006 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body bone mineral content and bone mineral density 50 Hz - continuous for 28 days; from day 7 of gestation to 14 days post delivery electric field, static electric field, 50/60 Hz
Michel A et al. 1999 invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (embryo), whole body - 50 Hz - continuous for 30 min magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure, source not given
Winnicki A et al. 2004 animal, fish/pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) (eggs) embryonic motorics 50 Hz - continuous for 30 min magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz