Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bardasano JL et al. | 1986 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 60 Hz | - | 4 to 5d | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Bayat PD et al. | 2011 | animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body | embryogenesis (spleen development) | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 10 h/day on 5 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Bayat PD et al. | 2012 | animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body | number and quality of blastocysts | 50 Hz | - | continuously for 48 hours | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Behr KP et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | - | - | - | RF field, static magnetic field, MRI |
Bekhite MM et al. | 2016 | intact cell/cell culture, embryoid bodies made of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells (CCE), animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | embryonic development of mice | 50 Hz | - | 8 hours/day for up to 20 days during gestation | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, DC |
Bellossi A | 1992 | - | - | - | - | repeated exposure, 30 min/day, on 2 non-consecutive days/week, lifelong | magnetic field, signals/pulses, therapeutic/medical device |
Berman E et al. | 1990 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | 48 h | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Bessho K et al. | 1995 | invertebrate, <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (nematode; different (transgenic) strains), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 3 min every 6h or 9h, to a total of 9 to 27 min | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Boga A et al. | 2012 | - | - | 16 Hz | - | - | electric field, signals/pulses |
Borhani N et al. | 2011 | animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body | cell death (DNA fragmentation) in blastocysts, fertility of female mice | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 4 h/day, 6 days/week for 2 weeks | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Burack G et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 8 days | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Cameron IL et al. | 1985 | animal, Japanese rice fish (<i>Oryzias latipes</i>) (embryo), whole body | embryogenesis | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 48 h | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
Chacon L et al. | 1990 | - | - | 30 Hz | - | continuous for 48 hrs | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Chiang H et al. | 1995 | - | - | 15.6 kHz | - | 4 h/day from 6th to 17th day of gestation | magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency |
Chung MK et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | fertility and health of mother rats and teratogenicity in fetuses | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 22 h/day from day 6 to day 20 of gestation | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Chung MK et al. | 2004 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure, 21 h/day from day 6 of gestation to day 21 of lactation. | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Costa EV et al. | 2013 | animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: embryo <i>in ovo</i> | development of blood vessels in the yolk sac | 60 Hz | - | intermittent for 3, 6, 9, 12 or 24 h/day for 2 days (see add. information) | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Costa EV et al. | 2015 | animal, fertilized eggs of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>) | development of the vascular system in the yolk sac membrane | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 2 h, 3 times a day with intervals of 6 hours in between for 2 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Dawson BV et al. | 1998 | - | - | 10.8 kHz | - | continuous 20 to 23.5 h/d, for 45 d to 58 d before mating | magnetic field, intermediate frequency |
Delgado JM et al. | 1982 | - | - | 10–100 Hz | - | continuous for 48 hrs | magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency |
Desta AB et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 15 h, 18 h, 23 h and 28 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 2 min to 2 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 55–65 Hz | - | on - off at intervals from 0.1s to 50 s for 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 2001 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
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