Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
| Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhu C et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
| Behr KP et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | - | - | - | RF field, static magnetic field, MRI |
| Lyaginskaja AM et al. | 2010 | - | - | - | - | - | RF field, source not given |
| Bas O et al. | 2013 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
| Ye W et al. | 2016 | animal, chicken/Hy-Line Brown (egg) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
| Wang Y et al. | 2016 | human, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI |
| Boga A et al. | 2016 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) | - | - | - | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
| Pais-Roldan P et al. | 2016 | animal, zebrafish embryos and larvae | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
| Shirai T et al. | 2017 | - | - | 800 MHz–5.2 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, CDMA, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, co-exposure |
| Moghimi A et al. | 2009 | animal, mouse/BALB/c | - | - | - | - | GSM, mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves, RF field |
| Zhang Y et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/Wistar (pregnant females and fetuses) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| D'Silva MH et al. | 2017 | animal, chicken embryos/Gallus domesticus (eggs) | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, UHF fields |
| Kantarcioglu E et al. | 2018 | animal, chicken/Super Nick (egg) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, MRI |
| Pawlak K et al. | 2018 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
| Alimohammadi I et al. | 2018 | animal, mouse/NMRI (pregnant females) | - | 915 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, RF field, co-exposure |
| Amandokht Saghezchi S et al. | 2019 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | RF field |
| Dasgupta S et al. | 2020 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 3.5 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 4G, 5G, LTE |
| Haghani M et al. | 2020 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, RF field, PW pulsed wave |
| Keleş Aİ | 2020 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
| Keleş Aİ et al. | 2021 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
| Sahmelikoglu AG et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, shielding/field deprivation |
| Andrašková S et al. | 2022 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
| Sabban IF et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/ Wistar | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Tomruk A et al. | 2022 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, mobile phone |
| Dsilva MH et al. | 2022 | animal, hen (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) (eggs) | - | 1,800–2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Sahingöz Yildirim AG et al. | 2022 | - | - | 10.715 GHz | - | - | microwaves |
| Balik MS et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, microwaves |
| Ingole IV et al. | 2012 | animal, hen eggs (<i>Gallus domesticus</i> ) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Vagula M et al. | 2013 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Liu C et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, MRI |
| Augustianath T et al. | 2023 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | 4G, GSM, mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Pecoraro R et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 27 GHz | - | - | 5G, mobile communications |
| DastAmooz S et al. | 2023 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | W-LAN/WiFi |
| Wu H et al. | 2023 | - | - | - | - | - | W-LAN/WiFi, RF field, 2.45 GHz |
| Islam MS et al. | 2023 | animal, chicken eggs (Indian River) | - | 2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 4G |
| Song X et al. | 2023 | - | - | 2.52 THz | - | - | TeraHz |
| Bodin R et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (pregnant) | - | 3,500 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G, RF field, CW continuous wave |
| Bektas H et al. | 2021 | human | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM |
| Salameh M et al. | 2023 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
| Khayat S et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field |
| Torres-Ruiz M et al. | 2024 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 700–3,500 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G |
| Karadayi A et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | CW continuous wave, W-LAN/WiFi, microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
| Inouye M et al. | 1982 | animal, fertilized eggs of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body | cerebellum development | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous from day 1 through day 12 of incubation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
| Xenos TD et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/Bulb/c/f; Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix Japonica</i>); chicken eggs of the strain KOBB; rat, whole body | development during prenatal exposure | 95 MHz | 189 µW/kg–5.655 mW/kg | continuous for 6 months | RF field, microwaves, UHF fields, Radio/TV transmitter, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW) |
| Umur AS et al. | 2013 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | development of the neural tube | - | 0.77 W/kg | standby mode for 30, 48 or 72 hours | mobile phone, mobile communications |
| Takahashi S et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Crl:CD(SD), whole body | effects on rat dams and their offspring (teratogenicity and embryo toxicity) | 2.14 GHz | 0.04–0.16 W/kg | continuous for 20 hr/day from day 7 of gestation until weaning of F1 rats | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, CDMA, mobile communications |
| Nawrot PS et al. | 1981 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | embryo and fetus development | 2.45 GHz | 3.9–40.2 mW/g | continuous 4h | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
| Gagnon ZE et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body | embryo development | 0 Hz–25 MHz | - | exposure started on the 18th day of pregnancy; one week later, offspring was born and maintained together with their mothers for 21 days. After that, only the mothers were left to continue for another 4 weeks. | EMF general |
| Koldayev VM et al. | 1997 | invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus intermedius</i>), whole body | embryogenesis | 450 MHz | - | continuous for 5-20 min | RF field |
| Ogawa K et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD IGS, partial body: head | embryogenesis | 1.95 GHz | 0.11–7 W/kg | 90 min/day from day 7 to day 17 of gestation | mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications |
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