Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bektas H et al. | 2021 | human | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM |
Salameh M et al. | 2023 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
Khayat S et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field |
Torres-Ruiz M et al. | 2024 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 700–3,500 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G |
Karadayi A et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | CW continuous wave, W-LAN/WiFi, microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Tsybulin O et al. | 2013 | animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | number of somites in the embryos | 890–915 Hz | 3 µW/kg | intermittent for 38 h: 48 sec "on" (speech mode), 12 sec "off" | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Clark MW et al. | 1987 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4 nW/g | first 12 days of embryogeny (incubation) | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Gildersleeve RP et al. | 1986 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4 nW/g | first 12 days of embryogeny | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
McRee DI et al. | 1977 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4.03 nW/g | first 12 days of development | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
McRee DI et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 14 nW/g | 4h/day during the first 5 days of incubation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Xenos TD et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/Bulb/c/f; Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix Japonica</i>); chicken eggs of the strain KOBB; rat, whole body | development during prenatal exposure | 95 MHz | 189 µW/kg–5.655 mW/kg | continuous for 6 months | RF field, microwaves, UHF fields, Radio/TV transmitter, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW) |
Woelders H et al. | 2017 | animal, chicken/Leghorn (eggs), whole body | embryonic development | 1.8 GHz | 0.38–0.45 mW/kg | 22 days | mobile communications, GSM, UMTS, TDMA, FDMA, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi |
Pyrpasopoulou A et al. | 2004 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | expression and localization of bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors | 9.4 GHz | 500 nW/g | continuous during days 1-3 postcoitum | GSM, mobile communications, microwaves |
Magras IN et al. | 1997 | animal, mouse/BALB/c/f, whole body | teratogenicity | 88.5–950 MHz | 1.936 µW/g | 5 pregnancies | mobile communications, RF field, Radio/TV transmitter, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), AM radio transmitters, SW broadcast (KW) |
Saito K et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | lethal and teratogenic effects | 428 MHz | 3.1–47.1 mW/kg | continuous during incubation for more than 20 days | RF field |
Kaplan J et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 0.034–3.4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 3 h/day, 5 days/week, for 6 months | 2.45 GHz |
Takahashi S et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Crl:CD(SD), whole body | effects on rat dams and their offspring (teratogenicity and embryo toxicity) | 2.14 GHz | 0.04–0.16 W/kg | continuous for 20 hr/day from day 7 of gestation until weaning of F1 rats | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, CDMA, mobile communications |
Cobb BL et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | teratogenicity/ontogeny | 0.1–1 GHz | 45 mW/kg | repeated daily exposure for 2 min, see add. information | microwave pulses, UWB |
Berman E et al. | 1992 | - | - | 970 MHz | 70 µW/g–4.8 mW/g | - | RF field, microwaves |
Poulletier de Gannes F et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | teratogenic effects (prenatal and postnatal development) | 2,450 MHz | 0.08–4 W/kg | 2 h/day, 6 days/week for 18 days | digital mobile phone, mobile communications, W-LAN/WiFi |
Galvin MJ et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 103.4 µW/g | 3h/day from day 4- day 20 of pregnancy | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Ogawa K et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD IGS, partial body: head | embryogenesis | 1.95 GHz | 0.11–7 W/kg | 90 min/day from day 7 to day 17 of gestation | mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications |
Klug S et al. | 1997 | rat embryo culture | teratogenicity | 150 MHz | 0.2–5 W/kg | continuous for 36 h | digital mobile phone, mobile communications, RF field |
Lary JM et al. | 1983 | - | - | 100 MHz | 0.4 W/kg | 6 h 40 min /day - on gestation days 6 - 11 (total 40h) | low level microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Schmidt RE et al. | 1984 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 400 µW/g | continuous, from day 2-day18 of gestation | low level microwaves |
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