Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

842 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    297 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

308 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    156 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    134 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    38 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Radio frequency 134 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Nawrot PS et al. 1985 - - 2.45 GHz 40.2 W/kg 8 h/day through 1-6 or 6-15 days of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Nelson BK et al. 1997 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 0.8–7.9 W/kg continuous for 2, 4 or 6 h RF field
Nelson BK et al. 1991 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 0.8–6.6 W/kg until the rectal temperature increased to 42°C and a moderate incidence of external malformations were produced; total exposure time ca. 1 h RF field, CW continuous wave
Nelson BK et al. 1994 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity (malformations of fetuses) 10 MHz 800 µW/g–6.6 mW/g 0, 10, 20 or 30 min RF field, CW continuous wave
Nelson BK et al. 1999 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 0.8–8 W/kg 20 min (to raise the temperature from its normal baseline to 41°C) plus 60 min RF field
Nelson BK et al. 2001 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 800 µW/g–7.9 mW/g continuous; 20 + 60 min RF field, CW continuous wave
Nelson BK et al. 1997 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 800 µW/g–6.6 mW/g ca. 30 min to raise the animal`s colonic temperature from 38°C to 42°C, then additional 10 min exposure to maintain the temperature at 42°C RF field
Nelson BK et al. 1998 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD-VAF/Plus, whole body teratogenicty 10 MHz 800 µW/g–8 mW/g 2 or 4 h RF field, CW continuous wave
Odaci E et al. 2013 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body spinal cord morphology and motor activity in young rats 900 MHz - intermittent for 1 hour/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy mobile phone, mobile communications
Ogawa K et al. 2009 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD IGS, partial body: head embryogenesis 1.95 GHz 0.11–7 W/kg 90 min/day from day 7 to day 17 of gestation mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications