Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alimohammadi I et al. | 2018 | animal, mouse/NMRI (pregnant females) | - | 915 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, RF field, co-exposure |
Amandokht Saghezchi S et al. | 2019 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | RF field |
Amer FI et al. | 2013 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | malformation, histopathological changes in the retina | 950 MHz | 1–1.6 W/kg | 2 h/day for 8 consecutive days from day 7 to 14 of gestation | RF field, microwaves |
Andrašková S et al. | 2022 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Augustianath T et al. | 2023 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | 4G, GSM, mobile communications, mobile phone |
Balik MS et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, microwaves |
Bas O et al. | 2013 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Behr KP et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | - | - | - | RF field, static magnetic field, MRI |
Bektas H et al. | 2021 | human | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM |
Berman E et al. | 1984 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 16.5 mW/g | 100 min./day | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Berman E et al. | 1982 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 16.5 mW/g | 100 min/day from 6th-17th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Berman E et al. | 1992 | - | - | 970 MHz | 70 µW/g–4.8 mW/g | - | RF field, microwaves |
Berman E et al. | 1978 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 4.05 mW/g | continuous for 100 min/day for up to 17 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Berman E et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 6–9 mW/g | 100 min./day from 6th till 14th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Berman E et al. | 1981 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 4.2 mW/g | 100 min/day for 6th to 15th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Berman E et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 6 mW/g | intermittent; 100 min /day, day 6-15 of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Bodin R et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (pregnant) | - | 3,500 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G, RF field, CW continuous wave |
Boga A et al. | 2014 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos), whole body | embryonic development of the African clawed frog | 900 MHz | 1 W/kg | continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h | GSM, mobile communications, RF field, co-exposure |
Boga A et al. | 2016 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) | - | - | - | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Byman D et al. | 1985 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | 2 x 30 min/day for 17 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Carpenter RL et al. | 1971 | - | - | 10 GHz | - | continuous for 20 min | RF field, CW continuous wave, microwaves |
Chazan B et al. | 1983 | animal, mouse/Swiss, whole body | embryonal, fetal, and postnatal development | 2.45 GHz | 4–18 mW/g | 2 h/day for 4 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Chernovetz ME et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 38 W/kg | 10 min on the 11th, 12th, 13th or 14th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Clark MW et al. | 1987 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4 nW/g | first 12 days of embryogeny (incubation) | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Clarke RL et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 80 W/kg | 300 s | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
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