Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahmed NA et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (adults and young animal) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, PW pulsed wave |
Ait-Aissa S et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | gliosis and apoptosis in the brains of young rats | 2.45 GHz | 0.08–9 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks (day 6 to day 21 of gestation) or 7 weeks (day 6 to day 21 of gestation + 5 weeks after birth) | RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Akakin D et al. | 2021 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i> and young animals) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Akefe IO et al. | 2023 | animal, mouse | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Albert EN et al. | 1981 | animal, squirrel monkey (<i>Saimiri sciureus</i>), whole body | density of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar uvula | 2.45 GHz | 3.4 mW/g | 3 h/day from the thirty-fifth day of gestation + 9.5 months after birth | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Albert EN et al. | 1981 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | density of Purkinje cells in developing rat brains | 100 MHz | 2–2.77 mW/g | 21 h/day for 5 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Albert EN et al. | 1988 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
An K et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Wistar (pregnant females and fetuses) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications, co-exposure |
Aslan A et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | cerebellar morphology | 900 MHz | 0.01 W/kg | 1 hour/day for 25 consecutive days | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Azimzadeh M et al. | 2020 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone base station |
Bas O et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | neuronal development of hippocampus (number and histopathological changes of pyramidal cells in the cornu ammonis) | 900 MHz | 2 W/kg | continuous during gestation (19 days) | mobile phone, mobile communications, RF field |
Bas O et al. | 2022 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Besset D et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | RF field |
Bhargav H et al. | 2016 | human | - | 2,100 MHz | 0.4–0.54 W/kg | - | mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications |
Chiang H et al. | 1987 | - | - | 3 GHz | 3.5 mW/g | repeated daily exposure, 5 h/day, see add. information | microwaves, low level microwaves, PW pulsed wave |
Croft RJ et al. | 2010 | human, partial body: left/right hemisphere | resting EEG (alpha waves) | 894.6 MHz | 0.7–1.7 W/kg | continuous for 55 min | GSM, W-CDMA, mobile communications |
DastAmooz S et al. | 2018 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | W-LAN/WiFi, RF field |
Drecun M et al. | 1990 | animal, rat/Wistar, partial body: head | EEG | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous for two weeks; started on the sixth day after birth | microwaves, PW pulsed wave, 2.45 GHz |
Drecun M et al. | 1989 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, 2.45 GHz, PW pulsed wave |
Drecun M et al. | 1982 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves |
Drecun M et al. | 1985 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves |
Drecun M et al. | 1979 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
El-Kafoury BMA et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Erdem Koc G et al. | 2016 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>), partial body: head of mothers | neuron number in hippocampus of offspring | 900 MHz | 2 W/kg | 1 hour/day from the 1st to the 21st day of gestation | mobile phone, mobile communications, RF field, co-exposure |
Furtado-Filho OV et al. | 2015 | animal, rat, whole body | oxidative damages of DNA, proteins and lipids in the cortex | 950 MHz | 0.35–1.32 W/kg | continuous for 30 min/day from the first day of gestation until birth | UHF fields |
Ghatei N et al. | 2017 | animal, mouse/BALB/c (pregnant females and young animal) | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications |
Guessab A et al. | 1983 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, radar |
Guler G et al. | 2016 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body | - | 1,800 MHz | 18 mW/kg | - | GSM, mobile communications |
Güler G et al. | 2010 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body | lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in the brain | 1,800 MHz | - | continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days - from day 15 to day 22 of gestation | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Gülsüm Deniz Ö et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (pregnant females and fetuses) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Haghani M et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | electrical activity of Purkinje cells, cerebellum-related behaviour | 900 MHz | 0.5–0.9 W/kg | 6 h/day during whole gestation | mobile phone, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Hong S et al. | 2020 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | 800–1,900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Ikinci A et al. | 2016 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Inaloz SS et al. | 1997 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | histological changes of the brain of the dams and their offspring | 2.45 GHz | 2.3 mW/g | NIR15: 15 min/day, NIR30: 30 min/day from gestation to day of birth (21st or 22nd day after gest.) | microwaves, microw. oven/heating device |
Jamakosmanovic A et al. | 1988 | - | - | - | - | - | CW continuous wave, microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Jamakosmanovic A et al. | 1979 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Jing J et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body: antenna close to the ear | level of neurotransmitters and oxidative stress in the brain | - | 0.9 W/kg | 3 times per day (3 x 10, 30 or 60 min) for 20 days during gestation | mobile phone, mobile communications, microwaves |
Keleş Aİ et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 900 MHz | - | - | - |
Keleş Aİ et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, CW continuous wave |
Kerimoglu G et al. | 2016 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications, RF field |
Kesari KK et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/ Wistar, whole body | DNA damage, protein expression, apoptosis and oxidative stress in brain | 2,115 MHz | 0.26–0.9 W/kg | continuous for 2 hours/day for 60 days | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Khadrawy VA et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/albino | - | 900 MHz | 1.165 W/kg | continuous for 1 h/day for up to 4 months | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Kim JH et al. | 2021 | - | - | 1,760–1,850 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Kramarenko AV et al. | 2003 | human, partial body: ear | EEG | 100 MHz | - | - | GSM, mobile communications |
Krause CM et al. | 2006 | human, partial body: head | oscillatory EEG responses during cognitive processing in children | 902 MHz | 1.4–1.98 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | GSM, mobile communications |
Kumlin T et al. | 2007 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | brain development | 900 MHz | 0.3–3 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 5 weeks | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Lameth J et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Wistar (adults and pubs), partial body | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, PW pulsed wave |
Leung S et al. | 2011 | human, partial body: left/right hemisphere | event-related potentials and performance during oddball paradigma and n-back task | 894.6 MHz | 0.7–1.7 W/kg | continuous for 55 min | GSM, W-CDMA, mobile communications |
Loughran SP et al. | 2013 | human, partial body: head | waking EEG, cognitive performance | 900 MHz | 0.35–1.4 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Masuda H et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | 1,457 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, PDC, microwaves |
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