Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guler G et al. | 2016 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body | - | 1,800 MHz | 18 mW/kg | - | GSM, mobile communications |
Sahin A et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | - | 900 MHz | 0.024 W/kg | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Ait-Aissa S et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | gliosis and apoptosis in the brains of young rats | 2.45 GHz | 0.08–9 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks (day 6 to day 21 of gestation) or 7 weeks (day 6 to day 21 of gestation + 5 weeks after birth) | RF, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Paulraj R et al. | 2006 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | morphological changes and protein kinase C enzyme activity in the developing rat brain | 2.45 GHz | 0.11 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day on 35 days | microwave pulses, 2.45 GHz |
Watilliaux A et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar, partial body: head (mainly) | stress reaction and glial activation in the immature brain | 1,800 MHz | 0.13–2.5 W/kg | continuous for 2 h on postnatal day 5, 15 or 35 | GSM, mobile communications |
Kesari KK et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/ Wistar, whole body | DNA damage, protein expression, apoptosis and oxidative stress in brain | 2,115 MHz | 0.26–0.9 W/kg | continuous for 2 hours/day for 60 days | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Razavinasab M et al. | 2016 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | electrophysiological changes of pyramidal cells, learning and memory | 900 MHz | 0.3–0.9 W/kg | 6 h/day during gestation | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Kumlin T et al. | 2007 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | brain development | 900 MHz | 0.3–3 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 5 weeks | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Furtado-Filho OV et al. | 2015 | animal, rat, whole body | oxidative damages of DNA, proteins and lipids in the cortex | 950 MHz | 0.35–1.32 W/kg | continuous for 30 min/day from the first day of gestation until birth | UHF fields |
Loughran SP et al. | 2013 | human, partial body: head | waking EEG, cognitive performance | 900 MHz | 0.35–1.4 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Merritt JH et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body: in utero | brain development | 2.45 GHz | 400 µW/g | repeated daily exposure, 24 h/day for 16 days | microwaves, PW pulsed wave, 2.45 GHz |
Bhargav H et al. | 2016 | human | - | 2,100 MHz | 0.4–0.54 W/kg | - | mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications |
Haghani M et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | electrical activity of Purkinje cells, cerebellum-related behaviour | 900 MHz | 0.5–0.9 W/kg | 6 h/day during whole gestation | mobile phone, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Ushiyama A et al. | 2007 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | effects on blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier permeability | 1.5 GHz | 0.5–10.4 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | PDC, TDMA, mobile communications |
Croft RJ et al. | 2010 | human, partial body: left/right hemisphere | resting EEG (alpha waves) | 894.6 MHz | 0.7–1.7 W/kg | continuous for 55 min | GSM, W-CDMA, mobile communications |
Leung S et al. | 2011 | human, partial body: left/right hemisphere | event-related potentials and performance during oddball paradigma and n-back task | 894.6 MHz | 0.7–1.7 W/kg | continuous for 55 min | GSM, W-CDMA, mobile communications |
Jing J et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body: antenna close to the ear | level of neurotransmitters and oxidative stress in the brain | - | 0.9 W/kg | 3 times per day (3 x 10, 30 or 60 min) for 20 days during gestation | mobile phone, mobile communications, microwaves |
Ragbetli MC et al. | 2010 | animal, mouse/Swiss albino, whole body | number of Purkinje cells and granule cells in the developing cerebellum | 890–915 MHz | 0.95 W/kg | continuous for 12 hr/day - 11 hr + 45 min. in stand-by mode, 15 min. in talking mode - for 19 - 20 days druing gestation | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Saikhedkar N et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | structure and function of the rat brain and oxidative stress | 900 MHz | 0.99 W/kg | continuous for 4 h/day for 15 days | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Paulraj R et al. | 2012 | - | - | 9.9 GHz | 1 W/kg | 2 h/day for 35 days | microwaves, radar |
Narayanan SN et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | neural structure of the hippocampus, learning and spatial memory | 900 MHz | 1.15 W/kg | continuous for 1 h/day for 28 days | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, RF |
Noor NA et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/albino | amino acid neurotransmitter levels in different brain areas | 900 MHz | 1.165 W/kg | continuous for 1 h/day for up to 4 months | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Khadrawy VA et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/albino | - | 900 MHz | 1.165 W/kg | continuous for 1 h/day for up to 4 months | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Ragbetli MC et al. | 2009 | animal, mouse/Swiss albino, whole body | number of pyramidal cells in the Cornu Ammonis | 890–915 MHz | 1.2 W/kg | 12 hr/day for 19 - 20 days (gestation period) + 20 days after birth (female offspring only) | mobile phone, digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Krause CM et al. | 2006 | human, partial body: head | oscillatory EEG responses during cognitive processing in children | 902 MHz | 1.4–1.98 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | GSM, mobile communications |
Movvahedi MM et al. | 2014 | human, partial body: ear | - | 900 MHz | 1.45 W/kg | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Narayanan SN et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | oxidative stress in the brain | 890–915 MHz | 1.58 W/kg | intermittent for 1 h/day for 28 days | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Odaci E et al. | 2008 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, partial body: maternal head | histopathology of the hippocampus, number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus | 900 MHz | 2 W/kg | 60 min/day, from the first to the last day of gestation | mobile communications |
Bas O et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | neuronal development of hippocampus (number and histopathological changes of pyramidal cells in the cornu ammonis) | 900 MHz | 2 W/kg | continuous during gestation (19 days) | mobile phone, mobile communications, RF |
Erdem Koc G et al. | 2016 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>), partial body: head of mothers | neuron number in hippocampus of offspring | 900 MHz | 2 W/kg | 1 hour/day from the 1st to the 21st day of gestation | mobile phone, mobile communications, RF, co-exposure |
Albert EN et al. | 1981 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | density of Purkinje cells in developing rat brains | 100 MHz | 2–2.77 mW/g | 21 h/day for 5 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Paulraj R et al. | 2012 | - | - | 16.5 GHz | 2.01 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day at 35 days (6 days/week) | low level microwaves, AM amplitude modulation |
Inaloz SS et al. | 1997 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | histological changes of the brain of the dams and their offspring | 2.45 GHz | 2.3 mW/g | NIR15: 15 min/day, NIR30: 30 min/day from gestation to day of birth (21st or 22nd day after gest.) | microwaves, microw. oven/heating device |
Albert EN et al. | 1981 | animal, squirrel monkey (<i>Saimiri sciureus</i>), whole body | density of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar uvula | 2.45 GHz | 3.4 mW/g | 3 h/day from the thirty-fifth day of gestation + 9.5 months after birth | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Chiang H et al. | 1987 | - | - | 3 GHz | 3.5 mW/g | repeated daily exposure, 5 h/day, see add. information | microwaves, low level microwaves, PW pulsed wave |
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