Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

843 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    298 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Other

298 studies in total
  1. Radio frequency
    145 studies
  2. Low frequency
    110 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    55 studies

Low frequency 110 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Luo Q et al. 2006 ICR mouse embryo cultures DNA damage (double-strand breaks) 50 Hz - 24 h 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, low frequency, co-exposure
Udroiu I et al. 2006 animal, mouse/CD-1 Swiss, whole body clastogenic and aneugenic effects 50 Hz - 24 h/day for 21 days magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Yao K et al. 2007 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body embryonic eye lens development 50 Hz - 3 h/day for 18 days (from day 0 to 18 of gestation) magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Shen YH et al. 1997 animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body development of lymphoma and leukemia 50 Hz - 3 h/day, 6 days/week for 16 weeks magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure
Gunes S et al. 2020 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body diaphragm ultrastructure, electrophysiological and biochemical changes in diaphragm and blood 50 Hz - 4 hours/day for 7 months magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Lee Jr JM et al. 1993 animal, sheep/Suffolk (lambs), whole body - 60 Hz - 40 weeks. electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
Dupont MJ et al. 2005 animal, rat/ Wistar albino, whole body: fetus - 500 mHz - 48 h prenatal exposure with field off for 30 min every 4 h magnetic field, geomagnetic field, low frequency, shielding/field deprivation
Persinger MA et al. 1978 - - 500 mHz - 5 days magnetic field, low frequency
Todorović D et al. 2020 invertebrate, nymphs of orange-spotted cockroach (<i>Blaptica dubia</i>) locomotor activity, body fat composition 50 Hz - 5 months static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field
Rajkovic V et al. 2005 animal, rat/Mill Hill, whole body effects on thyroid gland mast cells 50 Hz - 7 h/day, 5 days/week for 3 months starting 24 h after birth electric field, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Singh S et al. 1999 animal, mouse/Swiss albino, whole body - 50 Hz - 8 h / day for 8 weeks magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Lee HJ et al. 2007 - - 20 kHz - 8 h/day a) for mammary tumor: for 14 weeks from the day after DMBA treatment b) for lung tumor: for 6 weeks beginning after weaning c) for skin tumor: 20 weeks beginning 1 weeks after DMBA treatment magnetic field, intermediate frequency
Zhou J et al. 2019 intact cell/cell culture, rat calvarial osteoblasts, rat/Sprague Dawley, animal, whole body effects on bone, osteoblasts and underlying signal pathways 50 Hz - <i>in vivo</i>: 90 min/day for 2 months, <i>in vitro</i>: 90 min magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Costantini D et al. 2007 animal, Eurasian kestrel (<i>Falco tinnunculus</i>), whole body body condition; oxidative stress in the serum 50 Hz - breeding season of 2002 or 2003 magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
Dell'Omo G et al. 2009 animal, kestrel/Eurasian (<i>Falco tinnunculus</i>), whole body growth, melatonin secretion, leukocyte count and fledging success (of kestrels) 50–60 Hz - breeding season of the year 2000 electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
Sun Y et al. 2018 invertebrate, nematode (<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>)/wild type (strain N2), whole body effects on invertebrates: tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative stress - - circa 48 hours (from egg to the fourth larval stage) magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Kolbabova T et al. 2015 animal, cow (calve)/Holstein and Czech Red Pied cattle, whole body melatonin level in saliva 50 Hz - continuous (?) for 35 days magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Ince B et al. 2012 animal, rat/Wistar albino mineral content in rat teeth (calcium, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus) 50 Hz - continuous 4 h/day during 45 days magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Vallejo D et al. 2001 animal, mouse/OF1, whole body leukemia 50 Hz - continuous during pregnancy and for 14-15 or 50-52 weeks after birth magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Vallejo D et al. 2003 animal, mouse/OF1, whole body - 50 Hz - continuous for 14 weeks magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Shafey TM et al. 2006 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body weight of the lymphoid organs and immune response in chickens 60 Hz - continuous for 18 days electric field, 50/60 Hz
Soffritti M et al. 2010 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body mammary cancer 50 Hz - continuous for 19 h/day from day 12 of fetal life (pregnancy) until spontaneous death of offspring magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure
Soffritti M et al. 2016 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body occurrence of tumors in rats 50 Hz - continuous for 19 hours/day from the 12<sup>th</sup> day of pregnancy until death magnetic field, co-exposure
Kabacik S et al. 2013 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body gene expression 50 Hz - continuous for 2 hours magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Björasen AM et al. 2004 intact cell/cell culture, K562 cells (human erythroleukemic cell line), animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body survival/mortality 50 Hz - continuous for 20 min (MF) and 75 min (UV-C) magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure