Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

840 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    295 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Other

295 studies in total
  1. Radio frequency
    143 studies
  2. Low frequency
    109 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    55 studies

Radio frequency 143 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Lindholm H et al. 2011 human, partial body: head (right ear) head temperature 902.4 MHz 0.66–4.3 W/kg continuous for 15 min digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Tomruk A et al. 2010 animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body oxidative stress induced liver damage (hepato-toxicity: DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde level) 1,800 MHz - continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Guler G et al. 2012 animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body effects on the liver of young rabbits (DNA damage and lipid peroxidation) 1,800 MHz 1.8 W/kg continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days (female) or 14 days (male) digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body neural stress of fetal brain 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, microwaves
Shallom JM et al. 2002 animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body heat shock protein production 30–90 Hz 1.75–2.5 W/kg continuous for 30 min microwaves
Fukui Y et al. 1992 animal, mouse/ICR, whole body mouse brain development 2.45 GHz 480 mW/g 15 or 20 min on day 13 of gestation microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Preskorn SH et al. 1978 animal, mouse/CFW, whole body longevity/survival 2.45 GHz 35 mW/g 20 min/day during days 11 to 14 of gestation and 19 th to 54 th day post-partum microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Jamakosmanovic A et al. 1981 - - 2,450 MHz - not specified microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Braithwaite LA et al. 1993 - - - - - microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Galvin MJ et al. 1982 - - 2.45 Hz 4.03 nW/g 12 days microwaves, CW continuous wave
Hamnerius Y et al. 1979 invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, whole body frequency of induced somatic mutations 2.45 GHz 100 W/kg continuous for 6 h microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Spiers DE et al. 1987 animal, rat/albino (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>), whole body thermoragulatory responses 2.45 GHz - 4h/day for 10 days microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Galvin MJ et al. 1981 - - 2.45 Hz 4.03 nW/g first 12 days of embryogeny microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Gildersleeve RP et al. 1988 animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: eggs (<i>in ovo</i>) cell death or injury 2.45 GHz 4.03 nW/g first 12 days of artifical breeding microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Smialowicz RJ et al. 1979 - - 2.45 GHz - continuous microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
de Gannes FP et al. 2009 animal, rat/Wistar WI, whole body teratogenic effects, immunological processes 2,450 MHz 0.16 W/kg continuous for 7 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 30 days microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Grigoriev YG et al. 2010 animal, rat/Wistar WI, whole body teratogenic effects, immunological processes 2,450 MHz 0.16–9.9 W/kg continuous for 7 hr/day, 5 days/week for 30 days microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Rusnani A et al. 2008 - - 650 MHz - - microwaves, RF field
Di Carlo A et al. 2002 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body stress response (HSP70 induction), hypoxia 60 Hz 1.7 W/kg continuous for 30 min or 4 days, or repeated daily exposure for 20, 30 or 60 min, once or twice daily, for 4 days microwaves, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Surrell JA et al. 1987 - - - - - microwaves, microw. oven/heating device
Chang YW et al. 2023 - - - - - microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, 2.45 GHz
Tungjitwitayakul J et al. 2016 - - - - - microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, also other exposures without EMF
Peyman A et al. 2009 - - - - - microwaves, wireless transmitter
Habauzit D et al. 2020 - - 94 GHz - - millimeter waves
Chalfin S et al. 2002 animal, rhesus monkey (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>), partial body: eye effects on eye/ocular examination 35 GHz - 1.5 s to 5 s millimeter waves, PW pulsed wave
Shakina LA et al. 2018 invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (eggs) - 0 Hz–36.94 GHz - - millimeter waves, static magnetic field
Okatan DÖ et al. 2018 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 900 MHz - - mobile communications
Kim JH et al. 2019 animal, mouse/ICR - 1,850 MHz - - mobile communications
Nik Abdull Halim NMH et al. 2024 invertebrate, yellow fever mosquito (<i>Aedes aegypti</i>) (eggs) - 900 MHz–18 GHz - - mobile communications, 5G, millimeter waves, RF field
Vilic M et al. 2017 invertebrate, honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>), whole body - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, AM amplitude modulation
Salameh M et al. 2022 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM
Galal FH et al. 2022 invertebrate, mosquito (<i>Culex pipiens</i>) - 900–1,900 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, 4G, mobile phone
Smith-Roe SL et al. 2020 animal, mouse/B6C3F1/N, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900–1,900 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, CDMA, mobile phone
Budak GG et al. 2009 animal, rabbit/New Zealand White - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, PW pulsed wave
Anderson LE et al. 2004 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head (from day 35 of age through 2 years) cancer 1.62 GHz 0.06–1.6 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, for about 27 days mobile communications, IRIDIUM
Masuda H et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 1,457 MHz - - mobile communications, PDC, microwaves
Misek J et al. 2018 human, partial body - 1,788 MHz - - mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Kulaber A et al. 2017 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, RF field
Shojaeifard MB et al. 2018 animal, rat/Wistar - - - - mobile communications, RF field
Bozok S et al. 2023 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900–2,100 MHz - - mobile communications, RF field
Yan S et al. 2022 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J - 2 GHz - - mobile communications, RF field, CW continuous wave
Kuybulu AE et al. 2016 - - 2.45 GHz - - mobile communications, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Ohtani S et al. 2015 - - 2.14 GHz - - mobile communications, W-CDMA
Kıran D et al. 2017 animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals) - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, digital mobile phone, mobile phone
Celik O et al. 2004 human, pregnant females, whole body fetal heart rate 800–1,800 MHz - continuous for 5 min mobile communications, mobile phone
Bektas H et al. 2018 human - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Okatan DÖ et al. 2019 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Saadia Z 2018 human - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Saadia Z et al. 2018 human - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Tümkaya L et al. 2022 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone