Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Borhani N et al. | 2011 | animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body | cell death (DNA fragmentation) in blastocysts, fertility of female mice | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 4 h/day, 6 days/week for 2 weeks | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Gu Y et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Kay HH et al. | 1988 | animal, embryos of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (African clawed frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 64 MHz | - | - | MRI |
Okazaki R et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | continuously for 2 days | static magnetic field, MRI, co-exposure |
Prasad N et al. | 1982 | animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 30 MHz | - | - | MRI |
Rofsky NM et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Jiang ML et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Zhu C et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Sandström M et al. | 1987 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | embryonal development and malformations | 20 kHz | - | continuous for 42 h | magnetic field, signals/pulses, PC/TV monitor |
Tayefi H et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/ Wistar (embryos and neonatal rats), whole body | effects on the heart: myocardial damage (oxidative stress, apoptosis, histological evaluation) | 50 Hz | - | 4 hours/day for 7 days/week (during pregnancy and until postnatal day 20) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Rooze M et al. | 1985 | - | - | 15 Hz | - | - | electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Boga A et al. | 2012 | - | - | 16 Hz | - | - | electric field, signals/pulses |
Lahijani MS et al. | 2013 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | effects on the spleen | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 hours | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Costa EV et al. | 2013 | animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: embryo <i>in ovo</i> | development of blood vessels in the yolk sac | 60 Hz | - | intermittent for 3, 6, 9, 12 or 24 h/day for 2 days (see add. information) | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2013 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | embryonic heart development | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Behr KP et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | - | - | - | RF field, static magnetic field, MRI |
Pawlak K et al. | 2013 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | cardiac work and morphometric parameters, level of thyroid hormones | 50 Hz | - | continuous from the first to the last day of incubation (up to 21 days) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Lee W et al. | 2014 | - | - | 3.2 kHz | - | - | magnetic field |
Li Y et al. | 2014 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>), whole body | hatching rate, mortality, malformation, and apoptosis | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 96 hours | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Costa EV et al. | 2015 | animal, fertilized eggs of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>) | development of the vascular system in the yolk sac membrane | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 2 h, 3 times a day with intervals of 6 hours in between for 2 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Wang Y et al. | 2016 | human, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Krylov VV et al. | 2016 | - | - | 72.5–500 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, low frequency, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Pais-Roldan P et al. | 2016 | animal, zebrafish embryos and larvae | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Bekhite MM et al. | 2016 | intact cell/cell culture, embryoid bodies made of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells (CCE), animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | embryonic development of mice | 50 Hz | - | 8 hours/day for up to 20 days during gestation | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, DC |
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