Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ravera S et al. | 2006 | - | - | 75 Hz | - | 150 min | low frequency, magnetic field |
Roda O et al. | 2011 | animal, fertilized eggs of <i>Gallus domesticus</i> (chicken; Leghorn HR7 variety) | embryonal development | 50 Hz | - | 1 s on - 0.5 s off - for 45 h, 15 days or 21 days | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz |
Roda-Moreno JA et al. | 2003 | animal, chicken embryos, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 15 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Roda-Murillo O et al. | 2005 | animal, fertilized eggs of <i>Gallus domesticus</i> (chicken; Leghorn HR7 variety) | teratogenicity (body weight and cranial/cephalic development) | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 15 or 21 days | 50/60 Hz |
Rofsky NM et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Rommereim DN et al. | 1990 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | intermittent; 19h/day, 7days/week | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Rommereim DN et al. | 1996 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous 20h/day, for 20 d | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Rommereim DN et al. | 1987 | animal, rat/Charles River, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 19 h/day | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Rooze M et al. | 1985 | - | - | 15 Hz | - | - | electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Ryan BM et al. | 1996 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | both daily intertmittent and continous exposure, 1 hr off 1 hr on, 18.5 hr/days, 7 days/week | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Ryan BM et al. | 1999 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous, 18.5 h per day | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Ryan BM et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 18.5 h/day, 7 days/week, from gestation day 6 - 19 | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Saito K et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/SS | - | - | - | continuous for 60 min on day 7.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5, or 14.5 of pregnancy | static magnetic field |
Sakamoto S et al. | 1993 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley albino (adults, fetuses and neonatals), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 1.3 months (1 month prior to mating through lactation period), 3,3 months (3 mo prior to mating through lactation period) | 50/60 Hz |
Sandström M et al. | 1987 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | embryonal development and malformations | 20 kHz | - | continuous for 42 h | magnetic field, signals/pulses, PC/TV monitor |
Seto YJ et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure, 21 hrs/d, pls see remark | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2003 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body | - | 50 Hz–15.797 kHz | - | 12 h/day from day 3 untill metamorphosis | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2010 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body | tadpole development and teratogenic effects | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 60 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2010 | animal, spawn and tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body | tadpole development and teratogenic effects | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 22 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2009 | animal, African clawed frog tadpoles (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>), whole body | tadpole development | 0–50 Hz | - | not reported, probably during the whole development | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2004 | fertilized chicken eggs | teratogenicity/embryonal development | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | low frequency, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2007 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | brain and eye development | 50 Hz | - | 24 h continuous | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2009 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | histopathological and ultrastructural changes in livers in chicken embryos and malformations | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 hr | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | teratogenic effects | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 hr | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2013 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | embryonic heart development | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Shi Y et al. | 2005 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | embryo development (expression of embryo <i>c-fos</i> mRNA) | 50 Hz | - | continuous from gestation day 5.5 to gestation day 8.5 | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Sienkiewicz ZJ et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1 (embryo), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Sikov MR et al. | 1987 | animal, swine/Hanford miniatur, whole body | malformations, development, weight and size of foetuses, number, weight, size, development and health status of pups | 60 Hz | - | 20 h/day, 7 days/week | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Sikov MR et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Skauli KS et al. | 2000 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | from 2 h after fertilization until hatching or from 48 h after fertilization until hatching | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Stuchly MA et al. | 1988 | - | - | 17.857 kHz | - | 7 h/day for 15 days before and 22 days after conception | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency |
Svedenstal BM et al. | 1995 | animal, mouse/CBA/s, whole body | fetal resorption | 20 kHz | - | continuous for 5 1/2 or 7 days | magnetic field, intermediate frequency |
Tayefi H et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/ Wistar (embryos and neonatal rats), whole body | effects on the heart: myocardial damage (oxidative stress, apoptosis, histological evaluation) | 50 Hz | - | 4 hours/day for 7 days/week (during pregnancy and until postnatal day 20) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Terol FF et al. | 1994 | - | - | 0 Hz–1 kHz | - | - | - |
Terol FF et al. | 1995 | animal, fertilized eggs of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body | - | 50–100 Hz | - | continuous for 48 hrs | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Toman R et al. | 2002 | - | - | - | - | 20 min | magnetic field |
Tyndall DA | 1993 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | 36 min/day from day 7 to day 14 of gestation | static magnetic field, MRI |
Tyndall DA | 1990 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Tyndall DA et al. | 1991 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | 64 MHz | - | continuous for 36 min. on gestational day 7 | MRI |
Ubeda A et al. | 1994 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | 48 hrs | magnetic field, low frequency |
Ubeda A et al. | 1983 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | continuous for 48 hrs | magnetic field, signals/pulses |
Veicsteinas A et al. | 1996 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Wang Y et al. | 2016 | human, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Wiley MJ et al. | 1992 | - | - | 20 kHz | - | - | magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency |
Winnicki A et al. | 2004 | animal, fish/pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) (eggs) | embryonic motorics | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 30 min | magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Yip YP et al. | 1994 | animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 15–200 Hz | - | continuous for 6 h | MRI |
Youbicier-Simo BJ et al. | 1997 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) and chickens after hatching, whole body | - | 50–80 Hz | - | continuous for 47 days | magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor |
Yu MC et al. | 1993 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult) | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous, 23h/d for 18d to 40d | 50/60 Hz |
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