Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shi Y et al. | 2005 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | embryo development (expression of embryo <i>c-fos</i> mRNA) | 50 Hz | - | continuous from gestation day 5.5 to gestation day 8.5 | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Roda-Murillo O et al. | 2005 | animal, fertilized eggs of <i>Gallus domesticus</i> (chicken; Leghorn HR7 variety) | teratogenicity (body weight and cranial/cephalic development) | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 15 or 21 days | 50/60 Hz |
Kuzna-Grygiel W et al. | 2005 | invertebrate, fertilized eggs of pig roundworm (<i>Ascaris suum</i>) | embryonic development | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 60 days | 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
Saito K et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/SS | - | - | - | continuous for 60 min on day 7.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5, or 14.5 of pregnancy | static magnetic field |
Winnicki A et al. | 2004 | animal, fish/pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) (eggs) | embryonic motorics | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 30 min | magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Formicki K et al. | 1998 | - | - | - | - | continuous for 90 min | magnetic field |
Karja NW et al. | 2006 | - | - | - | - | - | electric field, signals/pulses |
Okudan B et al. | 2006 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | bone mineral content and bone mineral density | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 28 days; from day 7 of gestation to 14 days post delivery | electric field, static electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Ravera S et al. | 2006 | - | - | 75 Hz | - | 150 min | low frequency, magnetic field |
Nishikawa U et al. | 1986 | - | - | - | - | - | signals/pulses |
Komazaki S et al. | 2007 | animal, japanese fire belly newt/<i>Cynops pyrrhogaster</i> (embryo), whole body | embryo development | 50 Hz | - | 5 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2007 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | brain and eye development | 50 Hz | - | 24 h continuous | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Lee HJ et al. | 2009 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body | mortality and morphological abnormalities, uterine contents | 20 kHz | - | 8 h/day from day 2.5 to day 15.5 of gestation | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, occupational |
Krylov VV | 2010 | invertebrate, <i>Daphnia magna</i> Straus (great water flea) | embryogenesis, developmental stages, morphometric and production characteristics of adult females that developed from the exposed eggs; survival rate | 45–500 Hz | - | up to 43.70 h | magnetic field, low frequency |
Nishimura I et al. | 2009 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, induction cooker, intermediate frequency |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2009 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | histopathological and ultrastructural changes in livers in chicken embryos and malformations | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 hr | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2010 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body | tadpole development and teratogenic effects | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 60 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | teratogenic effects | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 hr | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Grefner NM et al. | 1998 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Rana temporaria</i> L., whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2010 | animal, spawn and tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body | tadpole development and teratogenic effects | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 22 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Roda O et al. | 2011 | animal, fertilized eggs of <i>Gallus domesticus</i> (chicken; Leghorn HR7 variety) | embryonal development | 50 Hz | - | 1 s on - 0.5 s off - for 45 h, 15 days or 21 days | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz |
Nishimura I et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Crl:CD(SD), whole body | malformations of fetuses | 20 kHz | - | continuous for 22 h/day from day 7 to day 17 of gestation | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker |
Lahijani MS et al. | 2011 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | histopathology and apoptosis processes in chicken embryo brains, abnormalities | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h before incubation | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Bayat PD et al. | 2011 | animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body | embryogenesis (spleen development) | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 10 h/day on 5 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2009 | animal, African clawed frog tadpoles (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>), whole body | tadpole development | 0–50 Hz | - | not reported, probably during the whole development | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
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