Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
| Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karadayi A et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | CW continuous wave, W-LAN/WiFi, microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
| Torres-Ruiz M et al. | 2024 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 700–3,500 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G |
| Khayat S et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field |
| Salameh M et al. | 2023 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
| Bodin R et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (pregnant) | - | 3,500 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G, RF field, CW continuous wave |
| Song X et al. | 2023 | - | - | 2.52 THz | - | - | TeraHz |
| Islam MS et al. | 2023 | animal, chicken eggs (Indian River) | - | 2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 4G |
| Wu H et al. | 2023 | - | - | - | - | - | W-LAN/WiFi, RF field, 2.45 GHz |
| DastAmooz S et al. | 2023 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | W-LAN/WiFi |
| Pecoraro R et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 27 GHz | - | - | 5G, mobile communications |
| Augustianath T et al. | 2023 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | 4G, GSM, mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Liu C et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, MRI |
| Sahingöz Yildirim AG et al. | 2022 | - | - | 10.715 GHz | - | - | microwaves |
| Dsilva MH et al. | 2022 | animal, hen (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) (eggs) | - | 1,800–2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Tomruk A et al. | 2022 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, mobile phone |
| Andrašková S et al. | 2022 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
| Bektas H et al. | 2021 | human | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM |
| Keleş Aİ et al. | 2021 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
| Keleş Aİ | 2020 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
| Haghani M et al. | 2020 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, RF field, PW pulsed wave |
| Dasgupta S et al. | 2020 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 3.5 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 4G, 5G, LTE |
| Balik MS et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, microwaves |
| Sahmelikoglu AG et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, shielding/field deprivation |
| Amandokht Saghezchi S et al. | 2019 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | RF field |
| Sabban IF et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/ Wistar | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Alimohammadi I et al. | 2018 | animal, mouse/NMRI (pregnant females) | - | 915 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, RF field, co-exposure |
| Pawlak K et al. | 2018 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
| Kantarcioglu E et al. | 2018 | animal, chicken/Super Nick (egg) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, MRI |
| D'Silva MH et al. | 2017 | animal, chicken embryos/Gallus domesticus (eggs) | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, UHF fields |
| Woelders H et al. | 2017 | animal, chicken/Leghorn (eggs), whole body | embryonic development | 1.8 GHz | 0.38–0.45 mW/kg | 22 days | mobile communications, GSM, UMTS, TDMA, FDMA, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi |
| Shirai T et al. | 2017 | - | - | 800 MHz–5.2 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, CDMA, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, co-exposure |
| Pais-Roldan P et al. | 2016 | animal, zebrafish embryos and larvae | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
| Boga A et al. | 2016 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) | - | - | - | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
| Wang Y et al. | 2016 | human, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI |
| Ye W et al. | 2016 | animal, chicken/Hy-Line Brown (egg) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
| Zhang Y et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/Wistar (pregnant females and fetuses) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Boga A et al. | 2014 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos), whole body | embryonic development of the African clawed frog | 900 MHz | 1 W/kg | continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h | GSM, mobile communications, RF field, co-exposure |
| Vagula M et al. | 2013 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Odaci E et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | spinal cord morphology and motor activity in young rats | 900 MHz | - | intermittent for 1 hour/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy | mobile phone, mobile communications |
| Ikinci A et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | hippocampus morphology and learning behavior in rat pups | 900 MHz | - | continuous for 1 h/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy | mobile phone, mobile communications |
| Bas O et al. | 2013 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
| Umur AS et al. | 2013 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | development of the neural tube | - | 0.77 W/kg | standby mode for 30, 48 or 72 hours | mobile phone, mobile communications |
| Amer FI et al. | 2013 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | malformation, histopathological changes in the retina | 950 MHz | 1–1.6 W/kg | 2 h/day for 8 consecutive days from day 7 to 14 of gestation | RF field, microwaves |
| Tsybulin O et al. | 2013 | animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | number of somites in the embryos | 890–915 Hz | 3 µW/kg | intermittent for 38 h: 48 sec "on" (speech mode), 12 sec "off" | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
| Ingole IV et al. | 2012 | animal, hen eggs (<i>Gallus domesticus</i> ) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Poulletier de Gannes F et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | teratogenic effects (prenatal and postnatal development) | 2,450 MHz | 0.08–4 W/kg | 2 h/day, 6 days/week for 18 days | digital mobile phone, mobile communications, W-LAN/WiFi |
| Tsybulin O et al. | 2012 | animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: embryo <i>in ovo</i> | number of somites in the embryos the 38 h exposed group; survival rate and hatchability of chicks, oxidative stress in brain, liver and heart in the 14 days exposed group | 890–915 MHz | 0.79 W/kg | continuous for 38 h | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, low level microwaves |
| Zhu C et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
| Lyaginskaja AM et al. | 2010 | - | - | - | - | - | RF field, source not given |
| Takahashi S et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Crl:CD(SD), whole body | effects on rat dams and their offspring (teratogenicity and embryo toxicity) | 2.14 GHz | 0.04–0.16 W/kg | continuous for 20 hr/day from day 7 of gestation until weaning of F1 rats | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, CDMA, mobile communications |
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