Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

840 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    295 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Other

295 studies in total
  1. Radio frequency
    143 studies
  2. Low frequency
    109 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    55 studies

Radio frequency 143 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Surrell JA et al. 1987 - - - - - microwaves, microw. oven/heating device
Tripathi R et al. 2022 animal, rat/ Wistar albino - 1,760 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Vargová B et al. 2021 invertebrate - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field
Mohammadi B et al. 2021 animal, rat/Wistar - 50 Hz–900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field
Vilic M et al. 2017 invertebrate, honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>), whole body - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, AM amplitude modulation
Saadia Z 2018 human - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Pawlak K et al. 2018 animal, chicken embryos (eggs) - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM
Saadia Z et al. 2018 human - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Holovska K et al. 2021 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves, PW pulsed wave
Tümkaya L et al. 2022 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Cantürk Tan F et al. 2022 - - - - - RF field, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Yan S et al. 2022 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J - 2 GHz - - mobile communications, RF field, CW continuous wave
Sarapultseva EI et al. 2023 - - 900 MHz - - RF field
Galal FH et al. 2022 invertebrate, mosquito (<i>Culex pipiens</i>) - 900–1,900 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, 4G, mobile phone
De Paepe S et al. 2023 - - 5.4 GHz - - RF field
Shakina LA et al. 2018 invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (eggs) - 0 Hz–36.94 GHz - - millimeter waves, static magnetic field
D'Silva MH et al. 2021 animal, hen eggs (<i>Gallus domesticus</i> ) - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, UMTS
Yenilmez F 2022 animal, chicken/Ross (egg) - 800 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Bozok S et al. 2023 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900–2,100 MHz - - mobile communications, RF field
Chang YW et al. 2023 - - - - - microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, 2.45 GHz
Salameh M et al. 2022 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM
Kıran D et al. 2017 animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals) - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, digital mobile phone, mobile phone
Bryan YF et al. 2006 - - - - - MRI
Braithwaite LA et al. 1993 - - - - - microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Rugh R 1976 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves
Tungjitwitayakul J et al. 2016 - - - - - microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, also other exposures without EMF
Rusnani A et al. 2008 - - 650 MHz - - microwaves, RF field
Pellegrini A et al. 1994 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves
Zook BC et al. 2005 - - - - - RF field, CW continuous wave, PW pulsed wave, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Kilic A et al. 2023 animal, rat/Wistar albino (adults and young animal) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM
Nassisi V et al. 2023 animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) larvae - 0 Hz–900 MHz - - UHF fields, RF field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency
Otten L et al. 1994 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves, also other exposures without EMF
Tüfekci KK et al. 2023 animal, rat/ Wistar albino - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Tripathi R et al. 2023 animal, rat/ Wistar albino - 1,760 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Nik Abdull Halim NMH et al. 2024 invertebrate, yellow fever mosquito (<i>Aedes aegypti</i>) (eggs) - 900 MHz–18 GHz - - mobile communications, 5G, millimeter waves, RF field
Adey WR et al. 1999 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head CNS tumors 836.55 MHz 1–1.4 W/kg continuous for about 25 days, see add. information NADC, TDMA, mobile communications, microwaves
Adey WR et al. 2000 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head CNS tumors 836.55 MHz 0.27–1.2 W/kg continuous for about 25 days, see add. information mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves
Sekeroglu V et al. 2012 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body DNA damage (chromosome aberration, micronucleus test), cytotoxicity 1,800 MHz 0.37–0.49 W/kg continuous for two hours/day for 45 days mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Atli Sekeroglu Z et al. 2013 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body DNA damage, cytotoxicity 900 MHz 0.37–0.76 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day for 45 days mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, RF field, CW continuous wave
Ozgur E et al. 2013 animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body: prenatal and/or postnatal blood parameters, lipid peroxidation 1,800 MHz - 15 min/day for 7 days in pregnant animals (between 15th and 22nd day of gestation), for 7 days in female infants and for 14 days in male infants mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body blood-brain barrier permeability 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure for 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation GSM, mobile communications
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body blood-brain barrier permeability 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day, for 7 days digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Falcioni L et al. 2018 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body brain and heart tumors 1,835 MHz 0.001–0.1 W/kg 19 h/day, 7 days/week from 12th day of gestation until natural death (up to 152 weeks) mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM
Anderson LE et al. 2004 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head (from day 35 of age through 2 years) cancer 1.62 GHz 0.06–1.6 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, for about 27 days mobile communications, IRIDIUM
Bastide M et al. 2001 animal, chicken embryos (eggs) and chicks, mouse/C57BL/6 j RJ, whole body cancer in mice, hormone levels in chicken and mice, antibody levels in chicken, mortality in chicken embryos 900 MHz - continuous for up to 15 weeks mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, shielding/field deprivation
Saran A et al. 2007 animal, mouse/<i>Patched1</i> (heterozygous knockout mouse) and wild type, whole body carcinogenesis and tumor promotion 900 MHz 0.4 W/kg 0.5 h/twice a day for 5 days (from day 2 to day 6 after birth) with a 6 h intervall between exposures digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Gildersleeve RP et al. 1988 animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: eggs (<i>in ovo</i>) cell death or injury 2.45 GHz 4.03 nW/g first 12 days of artifical breeding microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Ferreira AR et al. 2006 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body chromosome damage 834 MHz 1.23 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 8.5 h/day, throughout pregnancy analog mobile phone, mobile communications
Ciftci ZZ et al. 2015 animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), partial body: head development and composition of teeth in young rats 2.45 GHz 9 mW/kg continuous for 2 h/day during gestation (21 days) and up to 21 after birth W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Bedir R et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body development of kidneys 900 MHz - continuous for 20 days during pregnancy mobile phone, mobile communications