Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surrell JA et al. | 1987 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, microw. oven/heating device |
Tripathi R et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | 1,760 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Vargová B et al. | 2021 | invertebrate | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field |
Mohammadi B et al. | 2021 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 50 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Vilic M et al. | 2017 | invertebrate, honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>), whole body | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, AM amplitude modulation |
Saadia Z | 2018 | human | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Pawlak K et al. | 2018 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM |
Saadia Z et al. | 2018 | human | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Holovska K et al. | 2021 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves, PW pulsed wave |
Tümkaya L et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Cantürk Tan F et al. | 2022 | - | - | - | - | - | RF field, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Yan S et al. | 2022 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J | - | 2 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, RF field, CW continuous wave |
Sarapultseva EI et al. | 2023 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Galal FH et al. | 2022 | invertebrate, mosquito (<i>Culex pipiens</i>) | - | 900–1,900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, 4G, mobile phone |
De Paepe S et al. | 2023 | - | - | 5.4 GHz | - | - | RF field |
Shakina LA et al. | 2018 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (eggs) | - | 0 Hz–36.94 GHz | - | - | millimeter waves, static magnetic field |
D'Silva MH et al. | 2021 | animal, hen eggs (<i>Gallus domesticus</i> ) | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, UMTS |
Yenilmez F | 2022 | animal, chicken/Ross (egg) | - | 800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Bozok S et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 900–2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, RF field |
Chang YW et al. | 2023 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, 2.45 GHz |
Salameh M et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
Kıran D et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, mobile phone |
Bryan YF et al. | 2006 | - | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Braithwaite LA et al. | 1993 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Rugh R | 1976 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves |
Tungjitwitayakul J et al. | 2016 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, also other exposures without EMF |
Rusnani A et al. | 2008 | - | - | 650 MHz | - | - | microwaves, RF field |
Pellegrini A et al. | 1994 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves |
Zook BC et al. | 2005 | - | - | - | - | - | RF field, CW continuous wave, PW pulsed wave, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Kilic A et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (adults and young animal) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM |
Nassisi V et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) larvae | - | 0 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | UHF fields, RF field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency |
Otten L et al. | 1994 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves, also other exposures without EMF |
Tüfekci KK et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Tripathi R et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | 1,760 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Nik Abdull Halim NMH et al. | 2024 | invertebrate, yellow fever mosquito (<i>Aedes aegypti</i>) (eggs) | - | 900 MHz–18 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G, millimeter waves, RF field |
Krivova NA et al. | 2024 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, 5G |
Adey WR et al. | 1999 | animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head | CNS tumors | 836.55 MHz | 1–1.4 W/kg | continuous for about 25 days, see add. information | NADC, TDMA, mobile communications, microwaves |
Adey WR et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head | CNS tumors | 836.55 MHz | 0.27–1.2 W/kg | continuous for about 25 days, see add. information | mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves |
Sekeroglu V et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | DNA damage (chromosome aberration, micronucleus test), cytotoxicity | 1,800 MHz | 0.37–0.49 W/kg | continuous for two hours/day for 45 days | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Atli Sekeroglu Z et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | DNA damage, cytotoxicity | 900 MHz | 0.37–0.76 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day for 45 days | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, RF field, CW continuous wave |
Ozgur E et al. | 2013 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body: prenatal and/or postnatal | blood parameters, lipid peroxidation | 1,800 MHz | - | 15 min/day for 7 days in pregnant animals (between 15th and 22nd day of gestation), for 7 days in female infants and for 14 days in male infants | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Finnie JW et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | blood-brain barrier permeability | 900 MHz | 4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure for 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation | GSM, mobile communications |
Finnie JW et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | blood-brain barrier permeability | 900 MHz | 4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day, for 7 days | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Falcioni L et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | brain and heart tumors | 1,835 MHz | 0.001–0.1 W/kg | 19 h/day, 7 days/week from 12th day of gestation until natural death (up to 152 weeks) | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM |
Anderson LE et al. | 2004 | animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head (from day 35 of age through 2 years) | cancer | 1.62 GHz | 0.06–1.6 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, for about 27 days | mobile communications, IRIDIUM |
Bastide M et al. | 2001 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) and chicks, mouse/C57BL/6 j RJ, whole body | cancer in mice, hormone levels in chicken and mice, antibody levels in chicken, mortality in chicken embryos | 900 MHz | - | continuous for up to 15 weeks | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, shielding/field deprivation |
Saran A et al. | 2007 | animal, mouse/<i>Patched1</i> (heterozygous knockout mouse) and wild type, whole body | carcinogenesis and tumor promotion | 900 MHz | 0.4 W/kg | 0.5 h/twice a day for 5 days (from day 2 to day 6 after birth) with a 6 h intervall between exposures | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Gildersleeve RP et al. | 1988 | animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: eggs (<i>in ovo</i>) | cell death or injury | 2.45 GHz | 4.03 nW/g | first 12 days of artifical breeding | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Ferreira AR et al. | 2006 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | chromosome damage | 834 MHz | 1.23 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 8.5 h/day, throughout pregnancy | analog mobile phone, mobile communications |
Ciftci ZZ et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), partial body: head | development and composition of teeth in young rats | 2.45 GHz | 9 mW/kg | continuous for 2 h/day during gestation (21 days) and up to 21 after birth | W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
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