Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jensh RP et al. | 1983 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | teratogenicity | 2.45 GHz | 3.6–5.2 W/kg | 6 h/day during the whole pregnancy | microwaves |
Jensh RP et al. | 1983 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | postnatal growth and psychophysiologic development/teratogenicity | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous, 6 h/day through gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Jensh RP et al. | 1982 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | growth and development of the rat fetus/teratogenicity | 915 MHz | 3.57 W/kg | 6 h/day from day 1 to day 21 of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Jensh RP et al. | 1982 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | neurological and neurobehavioral development/teratogenicity | 915 MHz | - | repeated daily exposure, 6 h/day from day 1 to 21 of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Jiang ML et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Kantarcioglu E et al. | 2018 | animal, chicken/Super Nick (egg) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, MRI |
Kaplan J et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 0.034–3.4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 3 h/day, 5 days/week, for 6 months | 2.45 GHz |
Karadayi A et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | CW continuous wave, W-LAN/WiFi, microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Kay HH et al. | 1988 | animal, embryos of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (African clawed frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 64 MHz | - | - | MRI |
Keleş Aİ | 2020 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Keleş Aİ et al. | 2021 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Khayat S et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field |
Klug S et al. | 1997 | rat embryo culture | teratogenicity | 150 MHz | 0.2–5 W/kg | continuous for 36 h | digital mobile phone, mobile communications, RF field |
Koldayev VM et al. | 1997 | invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus intermedius</i>), whole body | embryogenesis | 450 MHz | - | continuous for 5-20 min | RF field |
Konermann G et al. | 1986 | animal, mouse/albino | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Lary JM et al. | 1982 | - | - | 27.12 MHz | - | gestation day 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 or 15 | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Lary JM et al. | 1983 | - | - | 100 MHz | 0.4 W/kg | 6 h 40 min /day - on gestation days 6 - 11 (total 40h) | low level microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Lee HJ et al. | 2009 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body | teratogenicity (mortality, growth retardation, head size, morphological malformations) | 848.5 MHz | 2–7.13 W/kg | continuous 2 times 45 min/day, separated by 15 min, throughout gestation (17 days) | mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications, RF field |
Lieb RJ et al. | 1980 | - | - | 27.12 MHz | - | continuous for 20 min | therapeutic/medical device |
Lindauer GA et al. | 1974 | - | - | 9 GHz | - | continuous for 2 h | microwaves, CW continuous wave, PW pulsed wave |
Liu C et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, MRI |
Liu LM et al. | 1975 | - | - | 9 GHz | - | continuous for 2 h | - |
Lyaginskaja AM et al. | 2010 | - | - | - | - | - | RF field, source not given |
Magras IN et al. | 1997 | animal, mouse/BALB/c/f, whole body | teratogenicity | 88.5–950 MHz | 1.936 µW/g | 5 pregnancies | mobile communications, RF field, Radio/TV transmitter, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), AM radio transmitters, SW broadcast (KW) |
Marcickiewicz J et al. | 1986 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4–16 W/kg | 2 h/day on days 1-18 of gestation. | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
McRee DI et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 14 nW/g | 4h/day during the first 5 days of incubation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
McRee DI et al. | 1977 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4.03 nW/g | first 12 days of development | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Michaelson SM et al. | 1976 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | 1 h | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Moghimi A et al. | 2009 | animal, mouse/BALB/c | - | - | - | - | GSM, mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves, RF field |
Nawrot PS et al. | 1981 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | embryo and fetus development | 2.45 GHz | 3.9–40.2 mW/g | continuous 4h | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Nawrot PS et al. | 1985 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 40.2 W/kg | 8 h/day through 1-6 or 6-15 days of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Nelson BK et al. | 1997 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | teratogenicity | 10 MHz | 0.8–7.9 W/kg | continuous for 2, 4 or 6 h | RF field |
Nelson BK et al. | 1991 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | teratogenicity | 10 MHz | 0.8–6.6 W/kg | until the rectal temperature increased to 42°C and a moderate incidence of external malformations were produced; total exposure time ca. 1 h | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Nelson BK et al. | 1994 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | teratogenicity (malformations of fetuses) | 10 MHz | 800 µW/g–6.6 mW/g | 0, 10, 20 or 30 min | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Nelson BK et al. | 1999 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | teratogenicity | 10 MHz | 0.8–8 W/kg | 20 min (to raise the temperature from its normal baseline to 41°C) plus 60 min | RF field |
Nelson BK et al. | 2001 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | teratogenicity | 10 MHz | 800 µW/g–7.9 mW/g | continuous; 20 + 60 min | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Nelson BK et al. | 1997 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | teratogenicity | 10 MHz | 800 µW/g–6.6 mW/g | ca. 30 min to raise the animal`s colonic temperature from 38°C to 42°C, then additional 10 min exposure to maintain the temperature at 42°C | RF field |
Nelson BK et al. | 1998 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD-VAF/Plus, whole body | teratogenicty | 10 MHz | 800 µW/g–8 mW/g | 2 or 4 h | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Odaci E et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | spinal cord morphology and motor activity in young rats | 900 MHz | - | intermittent for 1 hour/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Ogawa K et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD IGS, partial body: head | embryogenesis | 1.95 GHz | 0.11–7 W/kg | 90 min/day from day 7 to day 17 of gestation | mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications |
Okazaki R et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | continuously for 2 days | static magnetic field, MRI, co-exposure |
Pafkova H et al. | 1994 | animal, chicken (embryo), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | see remark* | 50/60 Hz, therapeutic/medical device |
Pais-Roldan P et al. | 2016 | animal, zebrafish embryos and larvae | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Pawlak K et al. | 2018 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
Pecoraro R et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 27 GHz | - | - | 5G, mobile communications |
Poulletier de Gannes F et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | teratogenic effects (prenatal and postnatal development) | 2,450 MHz | 0.08–4 W/kg | 2 h/day, 6 days/week for 18 days | digital mobile phone, mobile communications, W-LAN/WiFi |
Prasad N et al. | 1990 | animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | 1 hr | RF field, static magnetic field, MRI |
Prasad N et al. | 1982 | animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 30 MHz | - | - | MRI |
Pyle SD et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.7 GHz | - | - | microwaves, PW pulsed wave |
Pyrpasopoulou A et al. | 2004 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | expression and localization of bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors | 9.4 GHz | 500 nW/g | continuous during days 1-3 postcoitum | GSM, mobile communications, microwaves |
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