Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tyndall DA | 1993 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | 36 min/day from day 7 to day 14 of gestation | static magnetic field, MRI |
Tyndall DA et al. | 1991 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | 64 MHz | - | continuous for 36 min. on gestational day 7 | MRI |
Tyndall DA | 1990 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Nawrot PS et al. | 1981 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | embryo and fetus development | 2.45 GHz | 3.9–40.2 mW/g | continuous 4h | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Berman E et al. | 1982 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 16.5 mW/g | 100 min/day from 6th-17th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Berman E et al. | 1978 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 4.05 mW/g | continuous for 100 min/day for up to 17 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Rofsky NM et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Amer FI et al. | 2013 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | malformation, histopathological changes in the retina | 950 MHz | 1–1.6 W/kg | 2 h/day for 8 consecutive days from day 7 to 14 of gestation | RF field, microwaves |
Gu Y et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Lee HJ et al. | 2009 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body | teratogenicity (mortality, growth retardation, head size, morphological malformations) | 848.5 MHz | 2–7.13 W/kg | continuous 2 times 45 min/day, separated by 15 min, throughout gestation (17 days) | mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications, RF field |
Okazaki R et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | continuously for 2 days | static magnetic field, MRI, co-exposure |
Alimohammadi I et al. | 2018 | animal, mouse/NMRI (pregnant females) | - | 915 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, RF field, co-exposure |
Zimmermann B et al. | 1987 | animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body | - | - | - | continuous for 18 days | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Gagnon ZE et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body | embryo development | 0 Hz–25 MHz | - | exposure started on the 18th day of pregnancy; one week later, offspring was born and maintained together with their mothers for 21 days. After that, only the mothers were left to continue for another 4 weeks. | EMF general |
Chazan B et al. | 1983 | animal, mouse/Swiss, whole body | embryonal, fetal, and postnatal development | 2.45 GHz | 4–18 mW/g | 2 h/day for 4 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Konermann G et al. | 1986 | animal, mouse/albino | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Dietzel F et al. | 1972 | animal, partial body: abdomen | intrauterine development (teratogenic effects and mortality) | 27.12 MHz | - | continuous for approx. 10 min. (rectal temperatures of 42°C) at different days of early pregnancy | microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, therapeutic/medical device |
Tomruk A et al. | 2022 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, mobile phone |
Sabban IF et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/ Wistar | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Takahashi S et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Crl:CD(SD), whole body | effects on rat dams and their offspring (teratogenicity and embryo toxicity) | 2.14 GHz | 0.04–0.16 W/kg | continuous for 20 hr/day from day 7 of gestation until weaning of F1 rats | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, CDMA, mobile communications |
Bodin R et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (pregnant) | - | 3,500 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G, RF field, CW continuous wave |
Jiang ML et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Balik MS et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, microwaves |
Ogawa K et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD IGS, partial body: head | embryogenesis | 1.95 GHz | 0.11–7 W/kg | 90 min/day from day 7 to day 17 of gestation | mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications |
Nelson BK et al. | 1997 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | teratogenicity | 10 MHz | 0.8–7.9 W/kg | continuous for 2, 4 or 6 h | RF field |
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