Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

840 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    295 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Other

295 studies in total
  1. Radio frequency
    143 studies
  2. Low frequency
    109 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    55 studies

Radio frequency 143 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Othman H et al. 2017 - - 2.45 GHz - - 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi
Topsakal S et al. 2017 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - - - - 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi
Çiftçi ZZ et al. 2018 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Rugh R 1976 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves
Pellegrini A et al. 1994 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves
Holovska K et al. 2021 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves, PW pulsed wave
Otten L et al. 1994 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves, also other exposures without EMF
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body blood-brain barrier permeability 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure for 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation GSM, mobile communications
Meral O et al. 2016 animal, rabbit/New Zealand White - 1,800 MHz - - GSM, mobile communications, RF field
Vadeyar SH et al. 2000 human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI
Machata AM et al. 2009 human - - 0.3–3.9 W/kg - MRI
Poutamo J et al. 1998 human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> - - 1.2–3.8 W/kg - MRI
Lo C et al. 2014 - - - - - MRI
Bryan YF et al. 2006 - - - - - MRI
Magin RL et al. 2000 animal, mouse/ICR:HD, whole body - 170 MHz 0.2 W/kg - MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Adey WR et al. 1999 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head CNS tumors 836.55 MHz 1–1.4 W/kg continuous for about 25 days, see add. information NADC, TDMA, mobile communications, microwaves
Lary JM et al. 1986 - - 27.12 MHz 10.8 W/kg 10 to 40 min. on gestation day 9 RF field
Cheever KL et al. 2001 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body metabolism in maternal animals and embryos (2-Methoxyethanol metabolism, embryonic distribution, and macromolecular adduct formation) 10 MHz 0.8 W/kg–6.6 mW/g continuous for 50 min RF field
Thalau HP et al. 2003 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body temperature changes 1.25 GHz - 1 to 2 h per day for 21 days RF field
Smialowicz RJ et al. 1982 - - 425 MHz 6.7 mW/g repeated daily exposure for 4 hours a day from day 12 of pregnancy to parturition (dams) and for 20 or 40 days (pups) RF field
Vozeh F et al. 2007 animal, mouse/Lurcher mutant and wild type (derived of the two strains C3H and B6CBA), whole body spatial learning ability, motor functions, CNS excitability, development of body weight 870 MHz 0.05–1.44 mW/g repeated daily exposure, 2.5 h/day, for 21 days RF field
Odaci E et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body - 900 MHz - - RF field
Erkut A et al. 2016 - - 1,800 MHz - - RF field
Üstündağ ÜV et al. 2020 - - 15–3,000 MHz - - RF field
Sarapultseva EI et al. 2023 - - 900 MHz - - RF field
De Paepe S et al. 2023 - - 5.4 GHz - - RF field
Zhang Y et al. 2013 intact cell/cell culture, primary cortical neurons (of rat) - 2.45 GHz 6 W/kg - RF field, 2.45 GHz
Mathur R 2008 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body threshold of pain, nociceptive behavior 73.5 MHz 0.4 W/kg 2 h/day for 45 days RF field, AM amplitude modulation
Pelletier A et al. 2013 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body food intake, sleep and thermoregulatory processes 900 MHz 0.1–0.3 mW/kg continuous for 23.5 h/day, 7 days/week for 5 weeks RF field, CW continuous wave
Cantürk Tan F et al. 2022 - - - - - RF field, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Zook BC et al. 2005 - - - - - RF field, CW continuous wave, PW pulsed wave, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Bosquillon de Jenlis A et al. 2020 - - 900 MHz - - RF field, CW continuous wave, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Cawley P et al. 2016 - - - - - RF field, MRI
Sangun O et al. 2015 animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), whole body growth and development of young rats 2.45 GHz 0.143 W/kg continuous for 1 hour/day during gestation until birth and after weaning until puberty RF field, PW pulsed wave, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Laudisi F et al. 2012 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body: <i>in utero</i> pregnancy outcome, number/proliferation of T-cells in thymus and spleen (peripheral T-cells), cytokine production 2,451–2,473 MHz 4 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day on 14 consecutive days (starting 5 days after mating, ending 1 day before expected delivery) RF field, W-LAN/WiFi
Ait-Aissa S et al. 2013 - - 2.45 GHz - - RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Bianco B et al. 1979 - - 100–2,000 MHz - - RF field, microwaves
Fedorov VI et al. 2015 - - 0.1–2.2 THz - - TeraHz
Furtado-Filho OV et al. 2014 animal, rat (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>) (embryo and young animal), whole body oxidative stress in the liver 950 MHz 0.01–0.88 W/kg 30 minutes/day for 21 days during pregnancy UHF fields
Nassisi V et al. 2023 animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) larvae - 0 Hz–900 MHz - - UHF fields, RF field, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency
Tillmann T et al. 2010 animal, mouse/B6C3F1, whole body neoplasms and pre-neoplastic lesions and tumour incidences in spleen, kidneys, liver, lung, lymph nodes, and brain 1,966 MHz 0.62–5.76 W/kg continuous for 20 hr/day, 7 days/week for up to 24 months UMTS, mobile communications
Ait-Aissa S et al. 2012 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body screening of immune markers (antibodies) directed against 15 different antigens related to damage and/or pathological markers 2.45 GHz 0–9 W/kg continuous 2h/day, 5 days/week from day 6 to 21 of gestation (pregnant dam) and from day 1 to 35 (pups) postnatal W-LAN/WiFi
Sambucci M et al. 2010 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, partial body: posterior part pregnancy outcome, spleen cell number, B cell frequency, and antibody levels 2.45–2.473 GHz 4 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day on 14 consecutive days, starting 5 days after mating, ending one day before expected delivery W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Sambucci M et al. 2011 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body immune parameters in the spleen, thymus and in the blood 2.451–2.473 GHz 0.08–4 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 5 weeks, starting with the day after birth W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Ciftci ZZ et al. 2015 animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), partial body: head development and composition of teeth in young rats 2.45 GHz 9 mW/kg continuous for 2 h/day during gestation (21 days) and up to 21 after birth W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Ferreira AR et al. 2006 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body chromosome damage 834 MHz 1.23 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 8.5 h/day, throughout pregnancy analog mobile phone, mobile communications
Nam KC et al. 2006 human, partial body: head (left side) different physiological parameters (blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, skin resistance) 835 MHz 1.6 W/kg continuous for 30 min digital mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications
Kizilay A et al. 2003 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, partial body: snout hearing level; evoked otoacoustic emissions 900 MHz 0.95 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 1 h/day for 30 days digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body blood-brain barrier permeability 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day, for 7 days digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Saran A et al. 2007 animal, mouse/<i>Patched1</i> (heterozygous knockout mouse) and wild type, whole body carcinogenesis and tumor promotion 900 MHz 0.4 W/kg 0.5 h/twice a day for 5 days (from day 2 to day 6 after birth) with a 6 h intervall between exposures digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications