Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Klug S et al. | 1997 | rat embryo culture | teratogenicity | 150 MHz | 0.2–5 W/kg | continuous for 36 h | digital mobile phone, mobile communications, RF field |
Poulletier de Gannes F et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | teratogenic effects (prenatal and postnatal development) | 2,450 MHz | 0.08–4 W/kg | 2 h/day, 6 days/week for 18 days | digital mobile phone, mobile communications, W-LAN/WiFi |
Jensh RP | 1984 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | postnatal psychophysiologic growth and development | 6 GHz | - | continuous for 21 days during Gestation | low level microwaves |
Schmidt RE et al. | 1984 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 400 µW/g | continuous, from day 2-day18 of gestation | low level microwaves |
Lary JM et al. | 1983 | - | - | 100 MHz | 0.4 W/kg | 6 h 40 min /day - on gestation days 6 - 11 (total 40h) | low level microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Cobb BL et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | teratogenicity/ontogeny | 0.1–1 GHz | 45 mW/kg | repeated daily exposure for 2 min, see add. information | microwave pulses, UWB |
Jensh RP et al. | 1983 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | teratogenicity | 2.45 GHz | 3.6–5.2 W/kg | 6 h/day during the whole pregnancy | microwaves |
Jensh RP | 1984 | animal, rat/Wistar albino | teratogenicity | 6 GHz | 7.28 W/kg | continuous through pregnancy (21 days) | microwaves |
Sahingöz Yildirim AG et al. | 2022 | - | - | 10.715 GHz | - | - | microwaves |
Inouye M et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 1.3 W/kg | 3 h on day 2 or day 3 of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Inouye M et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 1.76 W/kg | 3 h/day through 4-21 days of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Jensh RP et al. | 1983 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | postnatal growth and psychophysiologic development/teratogenicity | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous, 6 h/day through gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Berman E et al. | 1984 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 16.5 mW/g | 100 min./day | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
McRee DI et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 14 nW/g | 4h/day during the first 5 days of incubation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Hamrick PE et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous, 24 h | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Clarke RL et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 80 W/kg | 300 s | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Michaelson SM et al. | 1976 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | 1 h | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Andrašková S et al. | 2022 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Galvin MJ et al. | 1980 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4.03–16.02 mW/g | continuous | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Jensh RP et al. | 1982 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | growth and development of the rat fetus/teratogenicity | 915 MHz | 3.57 W/kg | 6 h/day from day 1 to day 21 of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Chazan B et al. | 1983 | animal, mouse/Swiss, whole body | embryonal, fetal, and postnatal development | 2.45 GHz | 4–18 mW/g | 2 h/day for 4 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Berman E et al. | 1978 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 4.05 mW/g | continuous for 100 min/day for up to 17 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Berman E et al. | 1981 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 4.2 mW/g | 100 min/day for 6th to 15th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Berman E et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 6 mW/g | intermittent; 100 min /day, day 6-15 of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Jensh RP et al. | 1982 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | neurological and neurobehavioral development/teratogenicity | 915 MHz | - | repeated daily exposure, 6 h/day from day 1 to 21 of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Inouye M et al. | 1982 | animal, fertilized eggs of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body | cerebellum development | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous from day 1 through day 12 of incubation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Nawrot PS et al. | 1981 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | embryo and fetus development | 2.45 GHz | 3.9–40.2 mW/g | continuous 4h | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Nawrot PS et al. | 1985 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 40.2 W/kg | 8 h/day through 1-6 or 6-15 days of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Spiers DE et al. | 1991 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 3.3–15.2 W/kg | 8 h/day for 1 to 15 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Berman E et al. | 1982 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 16.5 mW/g | 100 min/day from 6th-17th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Byman D et al. | 1985 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | 2 x 30 min/day for 17 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Clark MW et al. | 1987 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4 nW/g | first 12 days of embryogeny (incubation) | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Gildersleeve RP et al. | 1986 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4 nW/g | first 12 days of embryogeny | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
McRee DI et al. | 1977 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4.03 nW/g | first 12 days of development | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Galvin MJ et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 103.4 µW/g | 3h/day from day 4- day 20 of pregnancy | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Berman E et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 6–9 mW/g | 100 min./day from 6th till 14th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Chernovetz ME et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 38 W/kg | 10 min on the 11th, 12th, 13th or 14th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Marcickiewicz J et al. | 1986 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4–16 W/kg | 2 h/day on days 1-18 of gestation. | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Lindauer GA et al. | 1974 | - | - | 9 GHz | - | continuous for 2 h | microwaves, CW continuous wave, PW pulsed wave |
Schwartz JL et al. | 1985 | - | - | 2.695 GHz | 23 mW/g | repeated daily exposure of 12 hrs/day for 20 days | microwaves, PW pulsed wave |
Pyle SD et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.7 GHz | - | - | microwaves, PW pulsed wave |
Roux C et al. | 1986 | - | - | 434 MHz | - | 15 min. | microwaves, co-exposure |
Dietzel F et al. | 1972 | animal, partial body: abdomen | intrauterine development (teratogenic effects and mortality) | 27.12 MHz | - | continuous for approx. 10 min. (rectal temperatures of 42°C) at different days of early pregnancy | microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, therapeutic/medical device |
Torres-Ruiz M et al. | 2024 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 700–3,500 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G |
Bodin R et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (pregnant) | - | 3,500 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G, RF field, CW continuous wave |
Shirai T et al. | 2017 | - | - | 800 MHz–5.2 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, CDMA, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, co-exposure |
Pawlak K et al. | 2018 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
Salameh M et al. | 2023 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
Alimohammadi I et al. | 2018 | animal, mouse/NMRI (pregnant females) | - | 915 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, RF field, co-exposure |
Woelders H et al. | 2017 | animal, chicken/Leghorn (eggs), whole body | embryonic development | 1.8 GHz | 0.38–0.45 mW/kg | 22 days | mobile communications, GSM, UMTS, TDMA, FDMA, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi |
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