Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alimohammadi I et al. | 2018 | animal, mouse/NMRI (pregnant females) | - | 915 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, RF field, co-exposure |
Amandokht Saghezchi S et al. | 2019 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | RF field |
Amer FI et al. | 2013 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | malformation, histopathological changes in the retina | 950 MHz | 1–1.6 W/kg | 2 h/day for 8 consecutive days from day 7 to 14 of gestation | RF field, microwaves |
Andrašková S et al. | 2022 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Augustianath T et al. | 2023 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | 4G, GSM, mobile communications, mobile phone |
Balik MS et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, microwaves |
Bas O et al. | 2013 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Behr KP et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | - | - | - | RF field, static magnetic field, MRI |
Bektas H et al. | 2021 | human | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM |
Berman E et al. | 1984 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 16.5 mW/g | 100 min./day | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Berman E et al. | 1982 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 16.5 mW/g | 100 min/day from 6th-17th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Berman E et al. | 1992 | - | - | 970 MHz | 70 µW/g–4.8 mW/g | - | RF field, microwaves |
Berman E et al. | 1978 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 4.05 mW/g | continuous for 100 min/day for up to 17 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Berman E et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 6–9 mW/g | 100 min./day from 6th till 14th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Berman E et al. | 1981 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 4.2 mW/g | 100 min/day for 6th to 15th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Berman E et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | fetus abnormalities | 2.45 GHz | 6 mW/g | intermittent; 100 min /day, day 6-15 of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Bodin R et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (pregnant) | - | 3,500 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G, RF field, CW continuous wave |
Boga A et al. | 2014 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos), whole body | embryonic development of the African clawed frog | 900 MHz | 1 W/kg | continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h | GSM, mobile communications, RF field, co-exposure |
Boga A et al. | 2016 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) | - | - | - | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Byman D et al. | 1985 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | 2 x 30 min/day for 17 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Carpenter RL et al. | 1971 | - | - | 10 GHz | - | continuous for 20 min | RF field, CW continuous wave, microwaves |
Chazan B et al. | 1983 | animal, mouse/Swiss, whole body | embryonal, fetal, and postnatal development | 2.45 GHz | 4–18 mW/g | 2 h/day for 4 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Chernovetz ME et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 38 W/kg | 10 min on the 11th, 12th, 13th or 14th day of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Clark MW et al. | 1987 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4 nW/g | first 12 days of embryogeny (incubation) | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Clarke RL et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 80 W/kg | 300 s | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Cobb BL et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | teratogenicity/ontogeny | 0.1–1 GHz | 45 mW/kg | repeated daily exposure for 2 min, see add. information | microwave pulses, UWB |
D'Silva MH et al. | 2017 | animal, chicken embryos/Gallus domesticus (eggs) | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, UHF fields |
Dasgupta S et al. | 2020 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 3.5 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 4G, 5G, LTE |
DastAmooz S et al. | 2023 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | W-LAN/WiFi |
Dietzel F | 1975 | - | - | 27.12 MHz | - | 5 min | UHF fields, microwaves |
Dietzel F et al. | 1972 | animal, partial body: abdomen | intrauterine development (teratogenic effects and mortality) | 27.12 MHz | - | continuous for approx. 10 min. (rectal temperatures of 42°C) at different days of early pregnancy | microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, therapeutic/medical device |
Dsilva MH et al. | 2022 | animal, hen (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) (eggs) | - | 1,800–2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Fisher PD et al. | 1979 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous; for 4 days | 2.45 GHz, microwaves, CW continuous wave, low level microwaves |
Fragopoulou AF et al. | 2010 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | teratogenicity, foetal development | 900 MHz | 0.6–0.94 W/kg | continuous for 6 min/day or 30 min/day during 5 days before and during the whole pregnancy | mobile phone, digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Gagnon ZE et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body | embryo development | 0 Hz–25 MHz | - | exposure started on the 18th day of pregnancy; one week later, offspring was born and maintained together with their mothers for 21 days. After that, only the mothers were left to continue for another 4 weeks. | EMF general |
Galvin MJ et al. | 1980 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4.03–16.02 mW/g | continuous | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Galvin MJ et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 103.4 µW/g | 3h/day from day 4- day 20 of pregnancy | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Gildersleeve RP et al. | 1986 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4 nW/g | first 12 days of embryogeny | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Gu Y et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Haghani M et al. | 2020 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, RF field, PW pulsed wave |
Hamrick PE et al. | 1975 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous, 24 h | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Heinrichs WL et al. | 1988 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | - | 15–400 Hz | - | continuous for 16 h | MRI, also other exposures without EMF |
Ikinci A et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | hippocampus morphology and learning behavior in rat pups | 900 MHz | - | continuous for 1 h/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Ingole IV et al. | 2012 | animal, hen eggs (<i>Gallus domesticus</i> ) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Inouye M et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 1.3 W/kg | 3 h on day 2 or day 3 of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Inouye M et al. | 1982 | animal, fertilized eggs of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body | cerebellum development | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous from day 1 through day 12 of incubation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Inouye M et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 1.76 W/kg | 3 h/day through 4-21 days of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Islam MS et al. | 2023 | animal, chicken eggs (Indian River) | - | 2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 4G |
Jensh RP | 1984 | animal, rat/Wistar albino | teratogenicity | 6 GHz | 7.28 W/kg | continuous through pregnancy (21 days) | microwaves |
Jensh RP | 1984 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | postnatal psychophysiologic growth and development | 6 GHz | - | continuous for 21 days during Gestation | low level microwaves |
This website uses cookies to provide you the best browsing experience. By continuing to use this website you accept our use of cookies.