Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

842 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    297 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

308 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    156 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    134 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    38 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Radio frequency 134 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Tofani S et al. 1986 - - 27.12 MHz - continuous -
Liu LM et al. 1975 - - 9 GHz - continuous for 2 h -
Kaplan J et al. 1982 - - 2.45 GHz 0.034–3.4 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 3 h/day, 5 days/week, for 6 months 2.45 GHz
Fisher PD et al. 1979 - - 2.45 GHz - continuous; for 4 days 2.45 GHz, microwaves, CW continuous wave, low level microwaves
Augustianath T et al. 2023 animal, chicken embryos (eggs) - 900–1,800 MHz - - 4G, GSM, mobile communications, mobile phone
Pafkova H et al. 1994 animal, chicken (embryo), whole body - 50 Hz - see remark* 50/60 Hz, therapeutic/medical device
Pecoraro R et al. 2023 animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) - 27 GHz - - 5G, mobile communications
Karadayi A et al. 2024 - - - - - CW continuous wave, W-LAN/WiFi, microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Gagnon ZE et al. 2003 animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body embryo development 0 Hz–25 MHz - exposure started on the 18th day of pregnancy; one week later, offspring was born and maintained together with their mothers for 21 days. After that, only the mothers were left to continue for another 4 weeks. EMF general
Boga A et al. 2014 animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos), whole body embryonic development of the African clawed frog 900 MHz 1 W/kg continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h GSM, mobile communications, RF field, co-exposure
Pyrpasopoulou A et al. 2004 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body expression and localization of bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors 9.4 GHz 500 nW/g continuous during days 1-3 postcoitum GSM, mobile communications, microwaves
Moghimi A et al. 2009 animal, mouse/BALB/c - - - - GSM, mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves, RF field
Yip YP et al. 1994 animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 15–200 Hz - continuous for 6 h MRI
Tyndall DA et al. 1991 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - 64 MHz - continuous for 36 min. on gestational day 7 MRI
Kay HH et al. 1988 animal, embryos of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (African clawed frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 64 MHz - - MRI
Prasad N et al. 1982 animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 30 MHz - - MRI
Jiang ML et al. 2003 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI
Zhu C et al. 2011 animal, rat/Wistar (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI
Wang Y et al. 2016 human, whole body - - - - MRI
Heinrichs WL et al. 1988 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body - 15–400 Hz - continuous for 16 h MRI, also other exposures without EMF
Gu Y et al. 2001 animal, mouse/ICR (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Tyndall DA 1990 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Rofsky NM et al. 1994 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body - - - - MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Nelson BK et al. 1997 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 0.8–7.9 W/kg continuous for 2, 4 or 6 h RF field
Saito K et al. 1991 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body lethal and teratogenic effects 428 MHz 3.1–47.1 mW/kg continuous during incubation for more than 20 days RF field
Koldayev VM et al. 1997 invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus intermedius</i>), whole body embryogenesis 450 MHz - continuous for 5-20 min RF field
Nelson BK et al. 1999 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 0.8–8 W/kg 20 min (to raise the temperature from its normal baseline to 41°C) plus 60 min RF field
Nelson BK et al. 1997 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 800 µW/g–6.6 mW/g ca. 30 min to raise the animal`s colonic temperature from 38°C to 42°C, then additional 10 min exposure to maintain the temperature at 42°C RF field
Amandokht Saghezchi S et al. 2019 - - 2.4 GHz - - RF field
Keleş Aİ 2020 - - 900 MHz - - RF field
Keleş Aİ et al. 2021 - - 900 MHz - - RF field
Lary JM et al. 1982 - - 27.12 MHz - gestation day 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 or 15 RF field, CW continuous wave
Smialowicz RJ et al. 1981 - - 100 MHz 2.8 W/kg 4 h/day RF field, CW continuous wave
Nelson BK et al. 1991 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 0.8–6.6 W/kg until the rectal temperature increased to 42°C and a moderate incidence of external malformations were produced; total exposure time ca. 1 h RF field, CW continuous wave
Nelson BK et al. 1994 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity (malformations of fetuses) 10 MHz 800 µW/g–6.6 mW/g 0, 10, 20 or 30 min RF field, CW continuous wave
Nelson BK et al. 2001 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 800 µW/g–7.9 mW/g continuous; 20 + 60 min RF field, CW continuous wave
Nelson BK et al. 1998 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD-VAF/Plus, whole body teratogenicty 10 MHz 800 µW/g–8 mW/g 2 or 4 h RF field, CW continuous wave
Saito K et al. 1995 - - 428 MHz - - RF field, CW continuous wave
Carpenter RL et al. 1971 - - 10 GHz - continuous for 20 min RF field, CW continuous wave, microwaves
Berman E et al. 1992 - - 970 MHz 70 µW/g–4.8 mW/g - RF field, microwaves
Amer FI et al. 2013 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body: <i>in utero</i> malformation, histopathological changes in the retina 950 MHz 1–1.6 W/kg 2 h/day for 8 consecutive days from day 7 to 14 of gestation RF field, microwaves
Xenos TD et al. 2003 animal, mouse/Bulb/c/f; Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix Japonica</i>); chicken eggs of the strain KOBB; rat, whole body development during prenatal exposure 95 MHz 189 µW/kg–5.655 mW/kg continuous for 6 months RF field, microwaves, UHF fields, Radio/TV transmitter, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW)
Lyaginskaja AM et al. 2010 - - - - - RF field, source not given
Prasad N et al. 1990 animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 0 Hz - 1 hr RF field, static magnetic field, MRI
Behr KP et al. 1991 animal, chicken embryos, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - - - - RF field, static magnetic field, MRI
Song X et al. 2023 - - 2.52 THz - - TeraHz
Dietzel F 1975 - - 27.12 MHz - 5 min UHF fields, microwaves
DastAmooz S et al. 2023 - - 2.4 GHz - - W-LAN/WiFi
Wu H et al. 2023 - - - - - W-LAN/WiFi, RF field, 2.45 GHz
Tsybulin O et al. 2012 animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: embryo <i>in ovo</i> number of somites in the embryos the 38 h exposed group; survival rate and hatchability of chicks, oxidative stress in brain, liver and heart in the 14 days exposed group 890–915 MHz 0.79 W/kg continuous for 38 h digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, low level microwaves