Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

840 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    295 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Other

295 studies in total
  1. Radio frequency
    143 studies
  2. Low frequency
    109 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    55 studies

Radio frequency 143 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body blood-brain barrier permeability 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure for 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation GSM, mobile communications
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body blood-brain barrier permeability 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day, for 7 days digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body neural stress of fetal brain 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, microwaves
Finnie JW et al. 2009 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body stress response (induction of heat shock proteins) in fetal brain 900 MHz 4 W/kg 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, PW pulsed wave
Lerchl A et al. 2020 animal, mouse/C3H/HeNCrl x C57Bl/6N - 1,960 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, UMTS, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Lerchl A et al. 2015 animal, mouse/C3H/HeNCrl x C57Bl/6N, whole body number, size and morphology of tumors in different tissues - 0.04–2 W/kg continuous for 23.3 h per day, 7 days per week, starting <i>in utero</i> up to 72 weeks mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications, co-exposure
Sambucci M et al. 2010 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, partial body: posterior part pregnancy outcome, spleen cell number, B cell frequency, and antibody levels 2.45–2.473 GHz 4 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day on 14 consecutive days, starting 5 days after mating, ending one day before expected delivery W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Sambucci M et al. 2011 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body immune parameters in the spleen, thymus and in the blood 2.451–2.473 GHz 0.08–4 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 5 weeks, starting with the day after birth W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Laudisi F et al. 2012 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body: <i>in utero</i> pregnancy outcome, number/proliferation of T-cells in thymus and spleen (peripheral T-cells), cytokine production 2,451–2,473 MHz 4 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day on 14 consecutive days (starting 5 days after mating, ending 1 day before expected delivery) RF field, W-LAN/WiFi
Yan S et al. 2022 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J - 2 GHz - - mobile communications, RF field, CW continuous wave
Preskorn SH et al. 1978 animal, mouse/CFW, whole body longevity/survival 2.45 GHz 35 mW/g 20 min/day during days 11 to 14 of gestation and 19 th to 54 th day post-partum microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Kim JH et al. 2019 animal, mouse/ICR - 1,850 MHz - - mobile communications
Fukui Y et al. 1992 animal, mouse/ICR, whole body mouse brain development 2.45 GHz 480 mW/g 15 or 20 min on day 13 of gestation microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Magin RL et al. 2000 animal, mouse/ICR:HD, whole body - 170 MHz 0.2 W/kg - MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Vozeh F et al. 2007 animal, mouse/Lurcher mutant and wild type (derived of the two strains C3H and B6CBA), whole body spatial learning ability, motor functions, CNS excitability, development of body weight 870 MHz 0.05–1.44 mW/g repeated daily exposure, 2.5 h/day, for 21 days RF field
Buchner K et al. 2014 animal, pig (German Landrace (sows) and German Landrace x Pietrain (piglets)), whole body fertility of sows and malformation rate of piglets 900 MHz - continuous mobile phone base station, GSM, mobile communications
Meral O et al. 2016 animal, rabbit/New Zealand White - 1,800 MHz - - GSM, mobile communications, RF field
Budak GG et al. 2009 animal, rabbit/New Zealand White - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, PW pulsed wave
Tomruk A et al. 2010 animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body oxidative stress induced liver damage (hepato-toxicity: DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde level) 1,800 MHz - continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Guler G et al. 2012 animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body effects on the liver of young rabbits (DNA damage and lipid peroxidation) 1,800 MHz 1.8 W/kg continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days (female) or 14 days (male) digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Ozgur E et al. 2013 animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body: prenatal and/or postnatal blood parameters, lipid peroxidation 1,800 MHz - 15 min/day for 7 days in pregnant animals (between 15th and 22nd day of gestation), for 7 days in female infants and for 14 days in male infants mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Furtado-Filho OV et al. 2014 animal, rat (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>) (embryo and young animal), whole body oxidative stress in the liver 950 MHz 0.01–0.88 W/kg 30 minutes/day for 21 days during pregnancy UHF fields
Tripathi R et al. 2022 animal, rat/ Wistar albino - 1,760 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Tüfekci KK et al. 2023 animal, rat/ Wistar albino - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Tripathi R et al. 2023 animal, rat/ Wistar albino - 1,760 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Adey WR et al. 1999 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head CNS tumors 836.55 MHz 1–1.4 W/kg continuous for about 25 days, see add. information NADC, TDMA, mobile communications, microwaves
Adey WR et al. 2000 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head CNS tumors 836.55 MHz 0.27–1.2 W/kg continuous for about 25 days, see add. information mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves
Anderson LE et al. 2004 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head (from day 35 of age through 2 years) cancer 1.62 GHz 0.06–1.6 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, for about 27 days mobile communications, IRIDIUM
Masuda H et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 1,457 MHz - - mobile communications, PDC, microwaves
Okatan DÖ et al. 2018 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 900 MHz - - mobile communications
Topsakal S et al. 2017 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - - - - 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi
Tümkaya L et al. 2022 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Odaci E et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body - 900 MHz - - RF field
Turedi S et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body oxidative stress and histology of the heart 900 MHz 0.025 W/kg continuous for 1 hour/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy mobile phone, mobile communications
Hanci H et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body oxidative stress and histology of spleen and thymus 900 MHz 0.025 W/kg continuous for 1 hour/day between days 13 and 21 of pregnancy mobile phone, mobile communications
Falcioni L et al. 2018 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body brain and heart tumors 1,835 MHz 0.001–0.1 W/kg 19 h/day, 7 days/week from 12th day of gestation until natural death (up to 152 weeks) mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM
Okatan DÖ et al. 2019 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Yilmaz A et al. 2017 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900 MHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications
Kulaber A et al. 2017 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, RF field
Tumkaya L et al. 2019 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi
Bozok S et al. 2023 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900–2,100 MHz - - mobile communications, RF field
Bedir R et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body development of kidneys 900 MHz - continuous for 20 days during pregnancy mobile phone, mobile communications
Salameh M et al. 2022 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM
Kizilay A et al. 2003 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, partial body: snout hearing level; evoked otoacoustic emissions 900 MHz 0.95 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 1 h/day for 30 days digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Cheever KL et al. 2001 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body metabolism in maternal animals and embryos (2-Methoxyethanol metabolism, embryonic distribution, and macromolecular adduct formation) 10 MHz 0.8 W/kg–6.6 mW/g continuous for 50 min RF field
Shirai T et al. 2014 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body fertility, development, brain functions and morphology of major organs of rats 2.14 GHz 0.034–0.244 W/g continuous for 20 h/day over 3 generations mobile phone, W-CDMA, mobile communications
Kerimoglu G et al. 2016 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body morphology and oxidative stress in the heart 900 MHz 0.0093 W/kg 1 h/day between postnatal days 21 and 59 mobile phone, mobile communications
Shojaeifard MB et al. 2018 animal, rat/Wistar - - - - mobile communications, RF field
Mohammadi B et al. 2021 animal, rat/Wistar - 50 Hz–900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field
de Gannes FP et al. 2009 animal, rat/Wistar WI, whole body teratogenic effects, immunological processes 2,450 MHz 0.16 W/kg continuous for 7 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 30 days microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz