Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Finnie JW et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | blood-brain barrier permeability | 900 MHz | 4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure for 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation | GSM, mobile communications |
Finnie JW et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | blood-brain barrier permeability | 900 MHz | 4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day, for 7 days | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Finnie JW et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | neural stress of fetal brain | 900 MHz | 4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, microwaves |
Finnie JW et al. | 2009 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | stress response (induction of heat shock proteins) in fetal brain | 900 MHz | 4 W/kg | 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, PW pulsed wave |
Lerchl A et al. | 2020 | animal, mouse/C3H/HeNCrl x C57Bl/6N | - | 1,960 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, UMTS, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Lerchl A et al. | 2015 | animal, mouse/C3H/HeNCrl x C57Bl/6N, whole body | number, size and morphology of tumors in different tissues | - | 0.04–2 W/kg | continuous for 23.3 h per day, 7 days per week, starting <i>in utero</i> up to 72 weeks | mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications, co-exposure |
Sambucci M et al. | 2010 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6, partial body: posterior part | pregnancy outcome, spleen cell number, B cell frequency, and antibody levels | 2.45–2.473 GHz | 4 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day on 14 consecutive days, starting 5 days after mating, ending one day before expected delivery | W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Sambucci M et al. | 2011 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body | immune parameters in the spleen, thymus and in the blood | 2.451–2.473 GHz | 0.08–4 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 5 weeks, starting with the day after birth | W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Laudisi F et al. | 2012 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | pregnancy outcome, number/proliferation of T-cells in thymus and spleen (peripheral T-cells), cytokine production | 2,451–2,473 MHz | 4 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day on 14 consecutive days (starting 5 days after mating, ending 1 day before expected delivery) | RF field, W-LAN/WiFi |
Yan S et al. | 2022 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J | - | 2 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, RF field, CW continuous wave |
Preskorn SH et al. | 1978 | animal, mouse/CFW, whole body | longevity/survival | 2.45 GHz | 35 mW/g | 20 min/day during days 11 to 14 of gestation and 19 th to 54 th day post-partum | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Kim JH et al. | 2019 | animal, mouse/ICR | - | 1,850 MHz | - | - | mobile communications |
Fukui Y et al. | 1992 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body | mouse brain development | 2.45 GHz | 480 mW/g | 15 or 20 min on day 13 of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Magin RL et al. | 2000 | animal, mouse/ICR:HD, whole body | - | 170 MHz | 0.2 W/kg | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Vozeh F et al. | 2007 | animal, mouse/Lurcher mutant and wild type (derived of the two strains C3H and B6CBA), whole body | spatial learning ability, motor functions, CNS excitability, development of body weight | 870 MHz | 0.05–1.44 mW/g | repeated daily exposure, 2.5 h/day, for 21 days | RF field |
Buchner K et al. | 2014 | animal, pig (German Landrace (sows) and German Landrace x Pietrain (piglets)), whole body | fertility of sows and malformation rate of piglets | 900 MHz | - | continuous | mobile phone base station, GSM, mobile communications |
Meral O et al. | 2016 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | GSM, mobile communications, RF field |
Budak GG et al. | 2009 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, PW pulsed wave |
Tomruk A et al. | 2010 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body | oxidative stress induced liver damage (hepato-toxicity: DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde level) | 1,800 MHz | - | continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Guler G et al. | 2012 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body | effects on the liver of young rabbits (DNA damage and lipid peroxidation) | 1,800 MHz | 1.8 W/kg | continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days (female) or 14 days (male) | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Ozgur E et al. | 2013 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body: prenatal and/or postnatal | blood parameters, lipid peroxidation | 1,800 MHz | - | 15 min/day for 7 days in pregnant animals (between 15th and 22nd day of gestation), for 7 days in female infants and for 14 days in male infants | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Furtado-Filho OV et al. | 2014 | animal, rat (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>) (embryo and young animal), whole body | oxidative stress in the liver | 950 MHz | 0.01–0.88 W/kg | 30 minutes/day for 21 days during pregnancy | UHF fields |
Tripathi R et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | 1,760 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Tüfekci KK et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Tripathi R et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | 1,760 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Adey WR et al. | 1999 | animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head | CNS tumors | 836.55 MHz | 1–1.4 W/kg | continuous for about 25 days, see add. information | NADC, TDMA, mobile communications, microwaves |
Adey WR et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head | CNS tumors | 836.55 MHz | 0.27–1.2 W/kg | continuous for about 25 days, see add. information | mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves |
Anderson LE et al. | 2004 | animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head (from day 35 of age through 2 years) | cancer | 1.62 GHz | 0.06–1.6 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, for about 27 days | mobile communications, IRIDIUM |
Masuda H et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | 1,457 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, PDC, microwaves |
Okatan DÖ et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications |
Topsakal S et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi |
Tümkaya L et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Odaci E et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Turedi S et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | oxidative stress and histology of the heart | 900 MHz | 0.025 W/kg | continuous for 1 hour/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Hanci H et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | oxidative stress and histology of spleen and thymus | 900 MHz | 0.025 W/kg | continuous for 1 hour/day between days 13 and 21 of pregnancy | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Falcioni L et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | brain and heart tumors | 1,835 MHz | 0.001–0.1 W/kg | 19 h/day, 7 days/week from 12th day of gestation until natural death (up to 152 weeks) | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM |
Okatan DÖ et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Yilmaz A et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Kulaber A et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, RF field |
Tumkaya L et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi |
Bozok S et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 900–2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, RF field |
Bedir R et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body | development of kidneys | 900 MHz | - | continuous for 20 days during pregnancy | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Salameh M et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
Kizilay A et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, partial body: snout | hearing level; evoked otoacoustic emissions | 900 MHz | 0.95 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 1 h/day for 30 days | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Cheever KL et al. | 2001 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | metabolism in maternal animals and embryos (2-Methoxyethanol metabolism, embryonic distribution, and macromolecular adduct formation) | 10 MHz | 0.8 W/kg–6.6 mW/g | continuous for 50 min | RF field |
Shirai T et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | fertility, development, brain functions and morphology of major organs of rats | 2.14 GHz | 0.034–0.244 W/g | continuous for 20 h/day over 3 generations | mobile phone, W-CDMA, mobile communications |
Kerimoglu G et al. | 2016 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | morphology and oxidative stress in the heart | 900 MHz | 0.0093 W/kg | 1 h/day between postnatal days 21 and 59 | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Shojaeifard MB et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, RF field |
Mohammadi B et al. | 2021 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 50 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
de Gannes FP et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/Wistar WI, whole body | teratogenic effects, immunological processes | 2,450 MHz | 0.16 W/kg | continuous for 7 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 30 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
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