Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Klug S et al. | 1997 | rat embryo culture | teratogenicity | 150 MHz | 0.2–5 W/kg | continuous for 36 h | digital mobile phone, mobile communications, RF field |
Saito K et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | lethal and teratogenic effects | 428 MHz | 3.1–47.1 mW/kg | continuous during incubation for more than 20 days | RF field |
Saito K et al. | 1995 | - | - | 428 MHz | - | - | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Roux C et al. | 1986 | - | - | 434 MHz | - | 15 min. | microwaves, co-exposure |
Koldayev VM et al. | 1997 | invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus intermedius</i>), whole body | embryogenesis | 450 MHz | - | continuous for 5-20 min | RF field |
Torres-Ruiz M et al. | 2024 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | 700–3,500 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G |
Shirai T et al. | 2017 | - | - | 800 MHz–5.2 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, CDMA, RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, co-exposure |
Lee HJ et al. | 2009 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body | teratogenicity (mortality, growth retardation, head size, morphological malformations) | 848.5 MHz | 2–7.13 W/kg | continuous 2 times 45 min/day, separated by 15 min, throughout gestation (17 days) | mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications, RF field |
Tsybulin O et al. | 2012 | animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: embryo <i>in ovo</i> | number of somites in the embryos the 38 h exposed group; survival rate and hatchability of chicks, oxidative stress in brain, liver and heart in the 14 days exposed group | 890–915 MHz | 0.79 W/kg | continuous for 38 h | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, low level microwaves |
Fragopoulou AF et al. | 2010 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | teratogenicity, foetal development | 900 MHz | 0.6–0.94 W/kg | continuous for 6 min/day or 30 min/day during 5 days before and during the whole pregnancy | mobile phone, digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Boga A et al. | 2014 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos), whole body | embryonic development of the African clawed frog | 900 MHz | 1 W/kg | continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h | GSM, mobile communications, RF field, co-exposure |
Bas O et al. | 2013 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Ikinci A et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | hippocampus morphology and learning behavior in rat pups | 900 MHz | - | continuous for 1 h/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Odaci E et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | spinal cord morphology and motor activity in young rats | 900 MHz | - | intermittent for 1 hour/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Ye W et al. | 2016 | animal, chicken/Hy-Line Brown (egg) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Zhang Y et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/Wistar (pregnant females and fetuses) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Haghani M et al. | 2020 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, RF field, PW pulsed wave |
Keleş Aİ | 2020 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Keleş Aİ et al. | 2021 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF field |
Sahmelikoglu AG et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, shielding/field deprivation |
Balik MS et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, microwaves |
Ingole IV et al. | 2012 | animal, hen eggs (<i>Gallus domesticus</i> ) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Salameh M et al. | 2023 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
Khayat S et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF field |
Augustianath T et al. | 2023 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | 4G, GSM, mobile communications, mobile phone |
Bektas H et al. | 2021 | human | - | 900–1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM |
Jensh RP et al. | 1982 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | growth and development of the rat fetus/teratogenicity | 915 MHz | 3.57 W/kg | 6 h/day from day 1 to day 21 of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Jensh RP et al. | 1982 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | neurological and neurobehavioral development/teratogenicity | 915 MHz | - | repeated daily exposure, 6 h/day from day 1 to 21 of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Alimohammadi I et al. | 2018 | animal, mouse/NMRI (pregnant females) | - | 915 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, RF field, co-exposure |
Amer FI et al. | 2013 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | malformation, histopathological changes in the retina | 950 MHz | 1–1.6 W/kg | 2 h/day for 8 consecutive days from day 7 to 14 of gestation | RF field, microwaves |
Berman E et al. | 1992 | - | - | 970 MHz | 70 µW/g–4.8 mW/g | - | RF field, microwaves |
Woelders H et al. | 2017 | animal, chicken/Leghorn (eggs), whole body | embryonic development | 1.8 GHz | 0.38–0.45 mW/kg | 22 days | mobile communications, GSM, UMTS, TDMA, FDMA, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi |
Pawlak K et al. | 2018 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
Tomruk A et al. | 2022 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand White | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, mobile phone |
Dsilva MH et al. | 2022 | animal, hen (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) (eggs) | - | 1,800–2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Ogawa K et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD IGS, partial body: head | embryogenesis | 1.95 GHz | 0.11–7 W/kg | 90 min/day from day 7 to day 17 of gestation | mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications |
Islam MS et al. | 2023 | animal, chicken eggs (Indian River) | - | 2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 4G |
Takahashi S et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Crl:CD(SD), whole body | effects on rat dams and their offspring (teratogenicity and embryo toxicity) | 2.14 GHz | 0.04–0.16 W/kg | continuous for 20 hr/day from day 7 of gestation until weaning of F1 rats | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, CDMA, mobile communications |
Amandokht Saghezchi S et al. | 2019 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | RF field |
DastAmooz S et al. | 2023 | - | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | W-LAN/WiFi |
Galvin MJ et al. | 1980 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 4.03–16.02 mW/g | continuous | microwaves, CW continuous wave |
Inouye M et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 1.3 W/kg | 3 h on day 2 or day 3 of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Inouye M et al. | 1982 | animal, fertilized eggs of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body | cerebellum development | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous from day 1 through day 12 of incubation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Inouye M et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 1.76 W/kg | 3 h/day through 4-21 days of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Nawrot PS et al. | 1981 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | embryo and fetus development | 2.45 GHz | 3.9–40.2 mW/g | continuous 4h | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Jensh RP et al. | 1983 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | teratogenicity | 2.45 GHz | 3.6–5.2 W/kg | 6 h/day during the whole pregnancy | microwaves |
Jensh RP et al. | 1983 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | postnatal growth and psychophysiologic development/teratogenicity | 2.45 GHz | - | continuous, 6 h/day through gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Nawrot PS et al. | 1985 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 40.2 W/kg | 8 h/day through 1-6 or 6-15 days of gestation | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Berman E et al. | 1984 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 16.5 mW/g | 100 min./day | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Spiers DE et al. | 1991 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 3.3–15.2 W/kg | 8 h/day for 1 to 15 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
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