Eight rats were exposed to two 3-hour periods of daily mobile phone emissions for 18 weeks; sperm samples were then collected. The sham exposure group also consisted of eight rats.
Distance between exposed object and exposure source
1 cm
Chamber
The rats were placed in holding units consisting of ventilated 5.1 cm x 15.2 cm PVC tubes fitted with 0.59-liter clear plastic bottle tops on one end and common 7.6-cm bolts with nuts at the other end. As the rats grew larger, new units were made using 8.9-cm PVC tubes, 1-liter bottles, and 10.2-cm bolts with nuts.
Setup
Each cell phone was positioned 1 cm from the head of the rats, at equal distances between two rats in holding chambers.
Meena R et al.
(2014):
Therapeutic approaches of melatonin in microwave radiations-induced oxidative stress-mediated toxicity on male fertility pattern of Wistar rats.
Tas M et al.
(2014):
Long-term effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phone on testicular tissue and epididymal semen quality.
Ghanbari M et al.
(2013):
The effects of cell phone waves (900 MHz-GSM band) on sperm parameters and total antioxidant capacity in rats.
Lee HJ et al.
(2012):
The effects of simultaneous combined exposure to CDMA and WCDMA electromagnetic fields on rat testicular function.
Al-Damegh MA
(2012):
Rat testicular impairment induced by electromagnetic radiation from a conventional cellular telephone and the protective effects of the antioxidants vitamins C and E.
Chaturvedi CM et al.
(2011):
2.45 GHz (CW) microwave irradiation alters circadian organization, spatial memory, DNA structure in the brain cells and blood cell counts of male mice, Mus musculus.
Imai N et al.
(2011):
Effects on rat testis of 1.95-GHz W-CDMA for IMT-2000 cellular phones.
Lee HJ et al.
(2010):
The lack of histological changes of CDMA cellular phone-based radio frequency on rat testis.
Otitoloju AA et al.
(2010):
Preliminary study on the induction of sperm head abnormalities in mice, Mus musculus, exposed to radiofrequency radiations from global system for mobile communication base stations.
Mailankot M et al.
(2009):
Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8GHz) mobile phones induces oxidative stress and reduces sperm motility in rats.
De Iuliis GN et al.
(2009):
Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro.
Dasdag S et al.
(2008):
Mobile phone exposure does not induce apoptosis on spermatogenesis in rats.
Agarwal A et al.
(2008):
Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study.
