この研究は、1974～1991年に旧ソビエトで実施され、ラットの免疫と生殖に対する無線周波数（RF）電磁界の長期低レベルばく露の影響を示した研究について再現実験した結果を示している。免疫実験の条件は以前の研究とできる限り同等なものとした。すなわちウィスター系ラットをケージ内に置き、ケージ内の入射出力密度5W/m2の2450MHz連続波RF電磁界の遠方界へのばく露を1日7時間、週に5日、合計で30日間与えた。それによる全身SARは0.16W/kgであったと述べている。影響評価指標である脳と肝臓の免疫学的パラメータは、オリジナルの研究と同様の補体結合試験（CFT）の他、最新のELISA試験でも測定した。その結果、CFTとELISAによって得た今回のデータは、以前の研究結果（自己免疫プロセスへの非熱的影響の可能性）を部分的に裏づけるものであった；RFばく露は脳組織抽出物での抗体形成をわずかに増加させたが、病理学的ではないようにみえる、と報告している。さらに生殖実験として、RFばく露ラットから採取した血清を別のラットに注射して、妊娠、胎仔の発達、出生仔の発育への影響を調べた旧ソビエトの研究を、同じ動物モデルとプロトコルで実施した結果、以前の研究と全体的に同じ傾向の悪影響の可能性が示された、と報告している。
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To confirm previous data on the effects of 2450 MHz microwave exposure on immunological processes and teratology in rats.
A series of Soviet publications published from 1974-1986 (Vinogradov et al. 1974, Vinogradov et al. 1975, Shandala et al. 1983, Vinogradov et al. 1985, Vinogradov and Naumenko 1986, Shandala and Vinogradov 1982) dealt with the effects on the immune system of rats exposed to radiofrequency fields at 2375 MHz (0.1-10 W/m²). Because the findings of these studies served in part as the basis for setting exposure limit values in the former USSR, it was deemed necessary to perform confirmation studies using modern dosimetric and biological methods.
In the previous studies it was reported that radiofrequency exposure disrupted the antigenic structure of rat brain tissue and induced differences in immune responses. Moreover, these studies showed that blood serum from irradiated rats injected into intact non-exposed female rats on the 10th day of pregnancy led to increased postimplantation embryo mortality and decreased fetus body weight and size.
For immunological investigation blood, brain and liver of 48 rats (16 rats/group; sham exposure, exposure, cage control) was taken on days 7 (5 rats per group) and 14 (11 rats per group) after exposure.
For teratological experiments, blood sera of the 11 rats (14 days following exposure) were prepared. Sera from exposed and sham exposed rats were administered to two groups of female rats on the 10th day of pregnancy (21 rats/group). A third group of pregnant females received no treatment (control group).
| ばく露 | パラメータ |
|---|---|
|
ばく露1:
2,450 MHz
ばく露時間:
continuous for 7 hr/day, 5 days/week for 30 days
|
|
| 周波数 | 2,450 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| 特性 |
|
| 偏波 |
|
| ばく露時間 | continuous for 7 hr/day, 5 days/week for 30 days |
| Additional information | +/- 50 MHz |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| Distance between exposed object and exposure source | 2.35 m |
| チャンバの詳細 | 6 m x 3 m x 3.5 m anechoic chamber with walls, floor and ceiling covered with 0.05 m high ferrite-based pyramidal RF-absorber elements; outer walls of the chamber covered with welded steel sheets; antenna mounted on a bracket made of plastic and wood above the chamber's floor |
| ばく露装置の詳細 | 16 cages made of Plexiglas and PVC arranged in a ring inside the chamber with one rat per cage; ring of cages placed on 0.18 m high styrofoam stands |
| Sham exposure | A sham exposure was conducted. |
| Additional information | chamber 1 for the sham-exposed animals was 10 m x 3 m x 3.5 m, and chamber 2 for RF-exposed animals was 6 m x 3 m x 3.5 m; to make the chambers visually the same size, a black opaque curtain was put in chamber 1 |
| 測定量 | 値 | 種別 | Method | Mass | 備考 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAR | 0.16 W/kg | - | 推定値 | whole body | at 5 W/m² |
| SAR | 0.16 W/kg | average over mass | 推定値 | brain | - |
| SAR | 9.9 W/kg | peak | 計算値 | partial body | tail skin |
| SAR | 1 W/kg | peak | 計算値 | brain | - |
| 電力密度 | 4.95 W/m² | average over time | 測定値 | - | 3.12 W/m² - 7.82 W/m² at the geometric center of the cages measured 0.22 m above the floor in the absence of animals and cages |
| 電力 | 71 W | - | 測定値 | - | +/- 7.3 W antenna input power |
| 電力密度 | 5 W/m² | - | 測定値 | - | incident power in the cage |
The data of the immunological examination partly confirmed the results of the Soviet research groups on the possible induction of autoimmune responses (increase of antibodies against brain antigens in the exposed group on the 14th day after exposure) and suggested stress reactions from radiofrequency exposure on day 7 after exposure (indicated by an increase in the content of amino acids bound with nitric oxide compounds, as well as lipids, including non-saturated fatty acids with short chains and their oxidation products).
The findings on prenatal development of offspring suggested possible adverse effects of the blood serum from exposed rats on pregnancy and embryo-foetal development in rats, in agreement with the earlier results of Shandala and Vinogradov (1982). The present study showed higher total in utero mortality (pooled data of days 15 and 20 of pregnancy) in rats injected with blood serum from exposed animals (55.6≥4.0%) than in rats injected with serum from sham exposed animals (11.7≥3.3%).
The application of these results in developing exposure standards is limited.
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