Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

840 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    295 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Other

295 studies in total
  1. Radio frequency
    143 studies
  2. Low frequency
    109 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    55 studies

Radio frequency 143 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Adey WR et al. 1999 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head CNS tumors 836.55 MHz 1–1.4 W/kg continuous for about 25 days, see add. information NADC, TDMA, mobile communications, microwaves
Adey WR et al. 2000 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head CNS tumors 836.55 MHz 0.27–1.2 W/kg continuous for about 25 days, see add. information mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves
Ait-Aissa S et al. 2012 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body screening of immune markers (antibodies) directed against 15 different antigens related to damage and/or pathological markers 2.45 GHz 0–9 W/kg continuous 2h/day, 5 days/week from day 6 to 21 of gestation (pregnant dam) and from day 1 to 35 (pups) postnatal W-LAN/WiFi
Ait-Aissa S et al. 2013 - - 2.45 GHz - - RF field, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Anderson LE et al. 2004 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head (from day 35 of age through 2 years) cancer 1.62 GHz 0.06–1.6 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, for about 27 days mobile communications, IRIDIUM
Atli Sekeroglu Z et al. 2013 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body DNA damage, cytotoxicity 900 MHz 0.37–0.76 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day for 45 days mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, RF field, CW continuous wave
Aydin B et al. 2011 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body oxidative stress in organs of the immune system (spleen, thymus, bone marrow), polymorphonuclear leukocytes and plasma 900 MHz 0.28–0.78 W/kg continuous for 2h/day on 45 days mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Bastide M et al. 2001 animal, chicken embryos (eggs) and chicks, mouse/C57BL/6 j RJ, whole body cancer in mice, hormone levels in chicken and mice, antibody levels in chicken, mortality in chicken embryos 900 MHz - continuous for up to 15 weeks mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, shielding/field deprivation
Bedir R et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body development of kidneys 900 MHz - continuous for 20 days during pregnancy mobile phone, mobile communications
Bektas H et al. 2018 human - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Bhargav H et al. 2017 human - 2,100 MHz - - mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications
Bianco B et al. 1979 - - 100–2,000 MHz - - RF field, microwaves
Bosquillon de Jenlis A et al. 2020 - - 900 MHz - - RF field, CW continuous wave, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Bozok S et al. 2023 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900–2,100 MHz - - mobile communications, RF field
Braithwaite LA et al. 1993 - - - - - microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Bryan YF et al. 2006 - - - - - MRI
Buchner K et al. 2014 animal, pig (German Landrace (sows) and German Landrace x Pietrain (piglets)), whole body fertility of sows and malformation rate of piglets 900 MHz - continuous mobile phone base station, GSM, mobile communications
Budak GG et al. 2009 animal, rabbit/New Zealand White - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, PW pulsed wave
Cantürk Tan F et al. 2022 - - - - - RF field, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Cawley P et al. 2016 - - - - - RF field, MRI
Celik O et al. 2004 human, pregnant females, whole body fetal heart rate 800–1,800 MHz - continuous for 5 min mobile communications, mobile phone
Cetin H et al. 2014 animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), whole body oxidative stress and concentration of diverse chemical elements (see methods) in brain and liver of young rats 900 MHz 0.001–1.1 W/kg 1 hour per day, starting <i>in utero</i> until the age of 4, 5, or 6 weeks mobile phone, mobile communications
Chalfin S et al. 2002 animal, rhesus monkey (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>), partial body: eye effects on eye/ocular examination 35 GHz - 1.5 s to 5 s millimeter waves, PW pulsed wave
Chang YW et al. 2023 - - - - - microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, 2.45 GHz
Cheever KL et al. 2001 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body metabolism in maternal animals and embryos (2-Methoxyethanol metabolism, embryonic distribution, and macromolecular adduct formation) 10 MHz 0.8 W/kg–6.6 mW/g continuous for 50 min RF field
Choi SB et al. 2014 human - 1,950 MHz 1.57 W/kg - mobile phone, W-CDMA, mobile communications, personal
Ciftci ZZ et al. 2015 animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), partial body: head development and composition of teeth in young rats 2.45 GHz 9 mW/kg continuous for 2 h/day during gestation (21 days) and up to 21 after birth W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
D'Silva MH et al. 2021 animal, hen eggs (<i>Gallus domesticus</i> ) - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, UMTS
De Paepe S et al. 2023 - - 5.4 GHz - - RF field
Di Carlo A et al. 2002 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body stress response (HSP70 induction), hypoxia 60 Hz 1.7 W/kg continuous for 30 min or 4 days, or repeated daily exposure for 20, 30 or 60 min, once or twice daily, for 4 days microwaves, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Erkut A et al. 2016 - - 1,800 MHz - - RF field
Falcioni L et al. 2018 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body brain and heart tumors 1,835 MHz 0.001–0.1 W/kg 19 h/day, 7 days/week from 12th day of gestation until natural death (up to 152 weeks) mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM
Fedorov VI et al. 2015 - - 0.1–2.2 THz - - TeraHz
Ferreira AR et al. 2006 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body chromosome damage 834 MHz 1.23 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 8.5 h/day, throughout pregnancy analog mobile phone, mobile communications
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body blood-brain barrier permeability 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure for 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation GSM, mobile communications
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body blood-brain barrier permeability 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day, for 7 days digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body neural stress of fetal brain 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, microwaves
Finnie JW et al. 2009 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body stress response (induction of heat shock proteins) in fetal brain 900 MHz 4 W/kg 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, PW pulsed wave
Fukui Y et al. 1992 animal, mouse/ICR, whole body mouse brain development 2.45 GHz 480 mW/g 15 or 20 min on day 13 of gestation microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Furtado-Filho OV et al. 2014 animal, rat (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>) (embryo and young animal), whole body oxidative stress in the liver 950 MHz 0.01–0.88 W/kg 30 minutes/day for 21 days during pregnancy UHF fields
Galal FH et al. 2022 invertebrate, mosquito (<i>Culex pipiens</i>) - 900–1,900 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, 4G, mobile phone
Galvin MJ et al. 1981 - - 2.45 Hz 4.03 nW/g first 12 days of embryogeny microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Galvin MJ et al. 1982 - - 2.45 Hz 4.03 nW/g 12 days microwaves, CW continuous wave
Gildersleeve RP et al. 1988 animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: eggs (<i>in ovo</i>) cell death or injury 2.45 GHz 4.03 nW/g first 12 days of artifical breeding microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Grigoriev YG et al. 2010 animal, rat/Wistar WI, whole body teratogenic effects, immunological processes 2,450 MHz 0.16–9.9 W/kg continuous for 7 hr/day, 5 days/week for 30 days microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Guler G et al. 2012 animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body effects on the liver of young rabbits (DNA damage and lipid peroxidation) 1,800 MHz 1.8 W/kg continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days (female) or 14 days (male) digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Habauzit D et al. 2020 - - 94 GHz - - millimeter waves
Hamnerius Y et al. 1979 invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, whole body frequency of induced somatic mutations 2.45 GHz 100 W/kg continuous for 6 h microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Hanci H et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body oxidative stress and histology of spleen and thymus 900 MHz 0.025 W/kg continuous for 1 hour/day between days 13 and 21 of pregnancy mobile phone, mobile communications
Holovska K et al. 2021 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves, PW pulsed wave