Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shi Y et al. | 2005 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | embryo development (expression of embryo <i>c-fos</i> mRNA) | 50 Hz | - | continuous from gestation day 5.5 to gestation day 8.5 | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Roda-Murillo O et al. | 2005 | animal, fertilized eggs of <i>Gallus domesticus</i> (chicken; Leghorn HR7 variety) | teratogenicity (body weight and cranial/cephalic development) | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 15 or 21 days | 50/60 Hz |
Kuzna-Grygiel W et al. | 2005 | invertebrate, fertilized eggs of pig roundworm (<i>Ascaris suum</i>) | embryonic development | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 60 days | 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
Saito K et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/SS | - | - | - | continuous for 60 min on day 7.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5, or 14.5 of pregnancy | static magnetic field |
Winnicki A et al. | 2004 | animal, fish/pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) (eggs) | embryonic motorics | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 30 min | magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Formicki K et al. | 1998 | - | - | - | - | continuous for 90 min | magnetic field |
Karja NW et al. | 2006 | - | - | - | - | - | electric field, signals/pulses |
Okudan B et al. | 2006 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | bone mineral content and bone mineral density | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 28 days; from day 7 of gestation to 14 days post delivery | electric field, static electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Ravera S et al. | 2006 | - | - | 75 Hz | - | 150 min | low frequency, magnetic field |
Nishikawa U et al. | 1986 | - | - | - | - | - | signals/pulses |
Komazaki S et al. | 2007 | animal, japanese fire belly newt/<i>Cynops pyrrhogaster</i> (embryo), whole body | embryo development | 50 Hz | - | 5 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2007 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | brain and eye development | 50 Hz | - | 24 h continuous | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Lee HJ et al. | 2009 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body | mortality and morphological abnormalities, uterine contents | 20 kHz | - | 8 h/day from day 2.5 to day 15.5 of gestation | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, occupational |
Krylov VV | 2010 | invertebrate, <i>Daphnia magna</i> Straus (great water flea) | embryogenesis, developmental stages, morphometric and production characteristics of adult females that developed from the exposed eggs; survival rate | 45–500 Hz | - | up to 43.70 h | magnetic field, low frequency |
Nishimura I et al. | 2009 | - | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, induction cooker, intermediate frequency |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2009 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | histopathological and ultrastructural changes in livers in chicken embryos and malformations | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 hr | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2010 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body | tadpole development and teratogenic effects | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 60 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | teratogenic effects | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 hr | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Grefner NM et al. | 1998 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Rana temporaria</i> L., whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2010 | animal, spawn and tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body | tadpole development and teratogenic effects | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 22 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Roda O et al. | 2011 | animal, fertilized eggs of <i>Gallus domesticus</i> (chicken; Leghorn HR7 variety) | embryonal development | 50 Hz | - | 1 s on - 0.5 s off - for 45 h, 15 days or 21 days | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz |
Nishimura I et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Crl:CD(SD), whole body | malformations of fetuses | 20 kHz | - | continuous for 22 h/day from day 7 to day 17 of gestation | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker |
Lahijani MS et al. | 2011 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | histopathology and apoptosis processes in chicken embryo brains, abnormalities | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h before incubation | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Bayat PD et al. | 2011 | animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body | embryogenesis (spleen development) | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 10 h/day on 5 days | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Severini M et al. | 2009 | animal, African clawed frog tadpoles (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>), whole body | tadpole development | 0–50 Hz | - | not reported, probably during the whole development | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Borhani N et al. | 2011 | animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body | cell death (DNA fragmentation) in blastocysts, fertility of female mice | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 4 h/day, 6 days/week for 2 weeks | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Gu Y et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Kay HH et al. | 1988 | animal, embryos of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (African clawed frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 64 MHz | - | - | MRI |
Okazaki R et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | continuously for 2 days | static magnetic field, MRI, co-exposure |
Prasad N et al. | 1982 | animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 30 MHz | - | - | MRI |
Rofsky NM et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Jiang ML et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Zhu C et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Sandström M et al. | 1987 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | embryonal development and malformations | 20 kHz | - | continuous for 42 h | magnetic field, signals/pulses, PC/TV monitor |
Tayefi H et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/ Wistar (embryos and neonatal rats), whole body | effects on the heart: myocardial damage (oxidative stress, apoptosis, histological evaluation) | 50 Hz | - | 4 hours/day for 7 days/week (during pregnancy and until postnatal day 20) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Rooze M et al. | 1985 | - | - | 15 Hz | - | - | electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Boga A et al. | 2012 | - | - | 16 Hz | - | - | electric field, signals/pulses |
Lahijani MS et al. | 2013 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | effects on the spleen | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 hours | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Costa EV et al. | 2013 | animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: embryo <i>in ovo</i> | development of blood vessels in the yolk sac | 60 Hz | - | intermittent for 3, 6, 9, 12 or 24 h/day for 2 days (see add. information) | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2013 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | embryonic heart development | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Behr KP et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | - | - | - | RF field, static magnetic field, MRI |
Pawlak K et al. | 2013 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | cardiac work and morphometric parameters, level of thyroid hormones | 50 Hz | - | continuous from the first to the last day of incubation (up to 21 days) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Lee W et al. | 2014 | - | - | 3.2 kHz | - | - | magnetic field |
Li Y et al. | 2014 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>), whole body | hatching rate, mortality, malformation, and apoptosis | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 96 hours | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Costa EV et al. | 2015 | animal, fertilized eggs of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>) | development of the vascular system in the yolk sac membrane | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 2 h, 3 times a day with intervals of 6 hours in between for 2 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Wang Y et al. | 2016 | human, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI |
Krylov VV et al. | 2016 | - | - | 72.5–500 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, low frequency, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Pais-Roldan P et al. | 2016 | animal, zebrafish embryos and larvae | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Bekhite MM et al. | 2016 | intact cell/cell culture, embryoid bodies made of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells (CCE), animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | embryonic development of mice | 50 Hz | - | 8 hours/day for up to 20 days during gestation | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, DC |
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