Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

840 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    295 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Other

295 studies in total
  1. Radio frequency
    143 studies
  2. Low frequency
    109 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    55 studies

Radio frequency 143 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Anderson LE et al. 2004 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head (from day 35 of age through 2 years) cancer 1.62 GHz 0.06–1.6 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, for about 27 days mobile communications, IRIDIUM
Sambucci M et al. 2011 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body immune parameters in the spleen, thymus and in the blood 2.451–2.473 GHz 0.08–4 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 5 weeks, starting with the day after birth W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Sangun O et al. 2015 animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), whole body growth and development of young rats 2.45 GHz 0.143 W/kg continuous for 1 hour/day during gestation until birth and after weaning until puberty RF field, PW pulsed wave, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
de Gannes FP et al. 2009 animal, rat/Wistar WI, whole body teratogenic effects, immunological processes 2,450 MHz 0.16 W/kg continuous for 7 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 30 days microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Grigoriev YG et al. 2010 animal, rat/Wistar WI, whole body teratogenic effects, immunological processes 2,450 MHz 0.16–9.9 W/kg continuous for 7 hr/day, 5 days/week for 30 days microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Ozorak A et al. 2013 animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), whole body oxidative stress (kidney and testis) and level of trace elements (kidney) 900 MHz 0.18–1.2 W/kg 60 min/day (5 days/week) during gestation and up to 6 weeks following delivery mobile phone, mobile communications, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Magin RL et al. 2000 animal, mouse/ICR:HD, whole body - 170 MHz 0.2 W/kg - MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Adey WR et al. 2000 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head CNS tumors 836.55 MHz 0.27–1.2 W/kg continuous for about 25 days, see add. information mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves
Aydin B et al. 2011 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body oxidative stress in organs of the immune system (spleen, thymus, bone marrow), polymorphonuclear leukocytes and plasma 900 MHz 0.28–0.78 W/kg continuous for 2h/day on 45 days mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Machata AM et al. 2009 human - - 0.3–3.9 W/kg - MRI
Sekeroglu V et al. 2012 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body DNA damage (chromosome aberration, micronucleus test), cytotoxicity 1,800 MHz 0.37–0.49 W/kg continuous for two hours/day for 45 days mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Atli Sekeroglu Z et al. 2013 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body DNA damage, cytotoxicity 900 MHz 0.37–0.76 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day for 45 days mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, RF field, CW continuous wave
Saran A et al. 2007 animal, mouse/<i>Patched1</i> (heterozygous knockout mouse) and wild type, whole body carcinogenesis and tumor promotion 900 MHz 0.4 W/kg 0.5 h/twice a day for 5 days (from day 2 to day 6 after birth) with a 6 h intervall between exposures digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Mathur R 2008 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body threshold of pain, nociceptive behavior 73.5 MHz 0.4 W/kg 2 h/day for 45 days RF field, AM amplitude modulation
Tillmann T et al. 2010 animal, mouse/B6C3F1, whole body neoplasms and pre-neoplastic lesions and tumour incidences in spleen, kidneys, liver, lung, lymph nodes, and brain 1,966 MHz 0.62–5.76 W/kg continuous for 20 hr/day, 7 days/week for up to 24 months UMTS, mobile communications
Lindholm H et al. 2011 human, partial body: head (right ear) head temperature 902.4 MHz 0.66–4.3 W/kg continuous for 15 min digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Cheever KL et al. 2001 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body metabolism in maternal animals and embryos (2-Methoxyethanol metabolism, embryonic distribution, and macromolecular adduct formation) 10 MHz 0.8 W/kg–6.6 mW/g continuous for 50 min RF field
Kwon MS et al. 2010 human, partial body: left and right side of the head (temporal area) event-related potentials/mismatch negativity, auditory sensory memory of children 902 MHz 0.82–1.21 W/kg 6 min blocks, 3 blocks on one ear - then 3 blocks on the other ear; each three block sequence consisted of one block EMF off, 2 blocks EMF on mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Kayabasoglu G et al. 2011 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body effects on the auditory system (distortion product otoacoustic emissions) 900–1,800 MHz 0.851–0.934 W/kg continuous for 6 h/day on 30 days mobile phone, mobile communications
Kizilay A et al. 2003 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, partial body: snout hearing level; evoked otoacoustic emissions 900 MHz 0.95 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 1 h/day for 30 days digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Adey WR et al. 1999 animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head CNS tumors 836.55 MHz 1–1.4 W/kg continuous for about 25 days, see add. information NADC, TDMA, mobile communications, microwaves
Poutamo J et al. 1998 human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> - - 1.2–3.8 W/kg - MRI
Ferreira AR et al. 2006 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body chromosome damage 834 MHz 1.23 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 8.5 h/day, throughout pregnancy analog mobile phone, mobile communications
Choi SB et al. 2014 human - 1,950 MHz 1.57 W/kg - mobile phone, W-CDMA, mobile communications, personal
Nam KC et al. 2006 human, partial body: head (left side) different physiological parameters (blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, skin resistance) 835 MHz 1.6 W/kg continuous for 30 min digital mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications
Di Carlo A et al. 2002 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body stress response (HSP70 induction), hypoxia 60 Hz 1.7 W/kg continuous for 30 min or 4 days, or repeated daily exposure for 20, 30 or 60 min, once or twice daily, for 4 days microwaves, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Shallom JM et al. 2002 animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body heat shock protein production 30–90 Hz 1.75–2.5 W/kg continuous for 30 min microwaves
Guler G et al. 2012 animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body effects on the liver of young rabbits (DNA damage and lipid peroxidation) 1,800 MHz 1.8 W/kg continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days (female) or 14 days (male) digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Ulubay M et al. 2015 animal, rat/Wistar albino (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - 900 MHz 2 W/kg - mobile phone, mobile communications, co-exposure
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body blood-brain barrier permeability 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure for 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation GSM, mobile communications
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body blood-brain barrier permeability 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day, for 7 days digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Finnie JW et al. 2006 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body neural stress of fetal brain 900 MHz 4 W/kg repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, microwaves
Finnie JW et al. 2009 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body stress response (induction of heat shock proteins) in fetal brain 900 MHz 4 W/kg 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, PW pulsed wave
Sambucci M et al. 2010 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, partial body: posterior part pregnancy outcome, spleen cell number, B cell frequency, and antibody levels 2.45–2.473 GHz 4 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day on 14 consecutive days, starting 5 days after mating, ending one day before expected delivery W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz
Laudisi F et al. 2012 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body: <i>in utero</i> pregnancy outcome, number/proliferation of T-cells in thymus and spleen (peripheral T-cells), cytokine production 2,451–2,473 MHz 4 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day on 14 consecutive days (starting 5 days after mating, ending 1 day before expected delivery) RF field, W-LAN/WiFi
Zhang Y et al. 2013 intact cell/cell culture, primary cortical neurons (of rat) - 2.45 GHz 6 W/kg - RF field, 2.45 GHz
Smialowicz RJ et al. 1982 - - 425 MHz 6.7 mW/g repeated daily exposure for 4 hours a day from day 12 of pregnancy to parturition (dams) and for 20 or 40 days (pups) RF field
Lary JM et al. 1986 - - 27.12 MHz 10.8 W/kg 10 to 40 min. on gestation day 9 RF field
Shirai T et al. 2014 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body fertility, development, brain functions and morphology of major organs of rats 2.14 GHz 0.034–0.244 W/g continuous for 20 h/day over 3 generations mobile phone, W-CDMA, mobile communications
Preskorn SH et al. 1978 animal, mouse/CFW, whole body longevity/survival 2.45 GHz 35 mW/g 20 min/day during days 11 to 14 of gestation and 19 th to 54 th day post-partum microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Hamnerius Y et al. 1979 invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, whole body frequency of induced somatic mutations 2.45 GHz 100 W/kg continuous for 6 h microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Fukui Y et al. 1992 animal, mouse/ICR, whole body mouse brain development 2.45 GHz 480 mW/g 15 or 20 min on day 13 of gestation microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Ait-Aissa S et al. 2012 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body screening of immune markers (antibodies) directed against 15 different antigens related to damage and/or pathological markers 2.45 GHz 0–9 W/kg continuous 2h/day, 5 days/week from day 6 to 21 of gestation (pregnant dam) and from day 1 to 35 (pups) postnatal W-LAN/WiFi