Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anderson LE et al. | 2004 | animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head (from day 35 of age through 2 years) | cancer | 1.62 GHz | 0.06–1.6 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, for about 27 days | mobile communications, IRIDIUM |
Sambucci M et al. | 2011 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body | immune parameters in the spleen, thymus and in the blood | 2.451–2.473 GHz | 0.08–4 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 5 weeks, starting with the day after birth | W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Sangun O et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), whole body | growth and development of young rats | 2.45 GHz | 0.143 W/kg | continuous for 1 hour/day during gestation until birth and after weaning until puberty | RF field, PW pulsed wave, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
de Gannes FP et al. | 2009 | animal, rat/Wistar WI, whole body | teratogenic effects, immunological processes | 2,450 MHz | 0.16 W/kg | continuous for 7 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 30 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Grigoriev YG et al. | 2010 | animal, rat/Wistar WI, whole body | teratogenic effects, immunological processes | 2,450 MHz | 0.16–9.9 W/kg | continuous for 7 hr/day, 5 days/week for 30 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Ozorak A et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals), whole body | oxidative stress (kidney and testis) and level of trace elements (kidney) | 900 MHz | 0.18–1.2 W/kg | 60 min/day (5 days/week) during gestation and up to 6 weeks following delivery | mobile phone, mobile communications, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Magin RL et al. | 2000 | animal, mouse/ICR:HD, whole body | - | 170 MHz | 0.2 W/kg | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Adey WR et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head | CNS tumors | 836.55 MHz | 0.27–1.2 W/kg | continuous for about 25 days, see add. information | mobile communications, mobile phone, microwaves |
Aydin B et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | oxidative stress in organs of the immune system (spleen, thymus, bone marrow), polymorphonuclear leukocytes and plasma | 900 MHz | 0.28–0.78 W/kg | continuous for 2h/day on 45 days | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Machata AM et al. | 2009 | human | - | - | 0.3–3.9 W/kg | - | MRI |
Sekeroglu V et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | DNA damage (chromosome aberration, micronucleus test), cytotoxicity | 1,800 MHz | 0.37–0.49 W/kg | continuous for two hours/day for 45 days | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Atli Sekeroglu Z et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | DNA damage, cytotoxicity | 900 MHz | 0.37–0.76 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day for 45 days | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, RF field, CW continuous wave |
Saran A et al. | 2007 | animal, mouse/<i>Patched1</i> (heterozygous knockout mouse) and wild type, whole body | carcinogenesis and tumor promotion | 900 MHz | 0.4 W/kg | 0.5 h/twice a day for 5 days (from day 2 to day 6 after birth) with a 6 h intervall between exposures | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Mathur R | 2008 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | threshold of pain, nociceptive behavior | 73.5 MHz | 0.4 W/kg | 2 h/day for 45 days | RF field, AM amplitude modulation |
Tillmann T et al. | 2010 | animal, mouse/B6C3F1, whole body | neoplasms and pre-neoplastic lesions and tumour incidences in spleen, kidneys, liver, lung, lymph nodes, and brain | 1,966 MHz | 0.62–5.76 W/kg | continuous for 20 hr/day, 7 days/week for up to 24 months | UMTS, mobile communications |
Lindholm H et al. | 2011 | human, partial body: head (right ear) | head temperature | 902.4 MHz | 0.66–4.3 W/kg | continuous for 15 min | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Cheever KL et al. | 2001 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | metabolism in maternal animals and embryos (2-Methoxyethanol metabolism, embryonic distribution, and macromolecular adduct formation) | 10 MHz | 0.8 W/kg–6.6 mW/g | continuous for 50 min | RF field |
Kwon MS et al. | 2010 | human, partial body: left and right side of the head (temporal area) | event-related potentials/mismatch negativity, auditory sensory memory of children | 902 MHz | 0.82–1.21 W/kg | 6 min blocks, 3 blocks on one ear - then 3 blocks on the other ear; each three block sequence consisted of one block EMF off, 2 blocks EMF on | mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Kayabasoglu G et al. | 2011 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | effects on the auditory system (distortion product otoacoustic emissions) | 900–1,800 MHz | 0.851–0.934 W/kg | continuous for 6 h/day on 30 days | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Kizilay A et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, partial body: snout | hearing level; evoked otoacoustic emissions | 900 MHz | 0.95 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 1 h/day for 30 days | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Adey WR et al. | 1999 | animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body, partial body: head | CNS tumors | 836.55 MHz | 1–1.4 W/kg | continuous for about 25 days, see add. information | NADC, TDMA, mobile communications, microwaves |
Poutamo J et al. | 1998 | human, whole body: embryo <i>in utero</i> | - | - | 1.2–3.8 W/kg | - | MRI |
Ferreira AR et al. | 2006 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | chromosome damage | 834 MHz | 1.23 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 8.5 h/day, throughout pregnancy | analog mobile phone, mobile communications |
Choi SB et al. | 2014 | human | - | 1,950 MHz | 1.57 W/kg | - | mobile phone, W-CDMA, mobile communications, personal |
Nam KC et al. | 2006 | human, partial body: head (left side) | different physiological parameters (blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, skin resistance) | 835 MHz | 1.6 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | digital mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications |
Di Carlo A et al. | 2002 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body | stress response (HSP70 induction), hypoxia | 60 Hz | 1.7 W/kg | continuous for 30 min or 4 days, or repeated daily exposure for 20, 30 or 60 min, once or twice daily, for 4 days | microwaves, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shallom JM et al. | 2002 | animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body | heat shock protein production | 30–90 Hz | 1.75–2.5 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | microwaves |
Guler G et al. | 2012 | animal, rabbit/New Zealand, whole body | effects on the liver of young rabbits (DNA damage and lipid peroxidation) | 1,800 MHz | 1.8 W/kg | continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days (female) or 14 days (male) | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
Ulubay M et al. | 2015 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | 900 MHz | 2 W/kg | - | mobile phone, mobile communications, co-exposure |
Finnie JW et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | blood-brain barrier permeability | 900 MHz | 4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure for 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation | GSM, mobile communications |
Finnie JW et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | blood-brain barrier permeability | 900 MHz | 4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day, for 7 days | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications |
Finnie JW et al. | 2006 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | neural stress of fetal brain | 900 MHz | 4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation | digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, microwaves |
Finnie JW et al. | 2009 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | stress response (induction of heat shock proteins) in fetal brain | 900 MHz | 4 W/kg | 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, PW pulsed wave |
Sambucci M et al. | 2010 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6, partial body: posterior part | pregnancy outcome, spleen cell number, B cell frequency, and antibody levels | 2.45–2.473 GHz | 4 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day on 14 consecutive days, starting 5 days after mating, ending one day before expected delivery | W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Laudisi F et al. | 2012 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | pregnancy outcome, number/proliferation of T-cells in thymus and spleen (peripheral T-cells), cytokine production | 2,451–2,473 MHz | 4 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day on 14 consecutive days (starting 5 days after mating, ending 1 day before expected delivery) | RF field, W-LAN/WiFi |
Zhang Y et al. | 2013 | intact cell/cell culture, primary cortical neurons (of rat) | - | 2.45 GHz | 6 W/kg | - | RF field, 2.45 GHz |
Smialowicz RJ et al. | 1982 | - | - | 425 MHz | 6.7 mW/g | repeated daily exposure for 4 hours a day from day 12 of pregnancy to parturition (dams) and for 20 or 40 days (pups) | RF field |
Lary JM et al. | 1986 | - | - | 27.12 MHz | 10.8 W/kg | 10 to 40 min. on gestation day 9 | RF field |
Shirai T et al. | 2014 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | fertility, development, brain functions and morphology of major organs of rats | 2.14 GHz | 0.034–0.244 W/g | continuous for 20 h/day over 3 generations | mobile phone, W-CDMA, mobile communications |
Preskorn SH et al. | 1978 | animal, mouse/CFW, whole body | longevity/survival | 2.45 GHz | 35 mW/g | 20 min/day during days 11 to 14 of gestation and 19 th to 54 th day post-partum | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Hamnerius Y et al. | 1979 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, whole body | frequency of induced somatic mutations | 2.45 GHz | 100 W/kg | continuous for 6 h | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
Fukui Y et al. | 1992 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body | mouse brain development | 2.45 GHz | 480 mW/g | 15 or 20 min on day 13 of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Ait-Aissa S et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | screening of immune markers (antibodies) directed against 15 different antigens related to damage and/or pathological markers | 2.45 GHz | 0–9 W/kg | continuous 2h/day, 5 days/week from day 6 to 21 of gestation (pregnant dam) and from day 1 to 35 (pups) postnatal | W-LAN/WiFi |
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