Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

842 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    308 studies
  2. Other
    297 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    115 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

308 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    156 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    134 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    38 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Radio frequency 134 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Chazan B et al. 1983 animal, mouse/Swiss, whole body embryonal, fetal, and postnatal development 2.45 GHz 4–18 mW/g 2 h/day for 4 days microwaves, CW continuous wave
Woelders H et al. 2017 animal, chicken/Leghorn (eggs), whole body embryonic development 1.8 GHz 0.38–0.45 mW/kg 22 days mobile communications, GSM, UMTS, TDMA, FDMA, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi
Boga A et al. 2014 animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos), whole body embryonic development of the African clawed frog 900 MHz 1 W/kg continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h GSM, mobile communications, RF field, co-exposure
Pyrpasopoulou A et al. 2004 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body expression and localization of bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors 9.4 GHz 500 nW/g continuous during days 1-3 postcoitum GSM, mobile communications, microwaves
Berman E et al. 1982 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body fetus abnormalities 2.45 GHz 16.5 mW/g 100 min/day from 6th-17th day of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Berman E et al. 1978 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body fetus abnormalities 2.45 GHz 4.05 mW/g continuous for 100 min/day for up to 17 days microwaves, CW continuous wave
Berman E et al. 1981 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body fetus abnormalities 2.45 GHz 4.2 mW/g 100 min/day for 6th to 15th day of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave
Berman E et al. 1984 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body fetus abnormalities 2.45 GHz 6 mW/g intermittent; 100 min /day, day 6-15 of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave
Jensh RP et al. 1982 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body growth and development of the rat fetus/teratogenicity 915 MHz 3.57 W/kg 6 h/day from day 1 to day 21 of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave
Ikinci A et al. 2013 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body: <i>in utero</i> hippocampus morphology and learning behavior in rat pups 900 MHz - continuous for 1 h/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy mobile phone, mobile communications
Dietzel F et al. 1972 animal, partial body: abdomen intrauterine development (teratogenic effects and mortality) 27.12 MHz - continuous for approx. 10 min. (rectal temperatures of 42°C) at different days of early pregnancy microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, therapeutic/medical device
Saito K et al. 1991 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body lethal and teratogenic effects 428 MHz 3.1–47.1 mW/kg continuous during incubation for more than 20 days RF field
Amer FI et al. 2013 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body: <i>in utero</i> malformation, histopathological changes in the retina 950 MHz 1–1.6 W/kg 2 h/day for 8 consecutive days from day 7 to 14 of gestation RF field, microwaves
Jensh RP et al. 1982 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body neurological and neurobehavioral development/teratogenicity 915 MHz - repeated daily exposure, 6 h/day from day 1 to 21 of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave
Tsybulin O et al. 2013 animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> number of somites in the embryos 890–915 Hz 3 µW/kg intermittent for 38 h: 48 sec "on" (speech mode), 12 sec "off" mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Tsybulin O et al. 2012 animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: embryo <i>in ovo</i> number of somites in the embryos the 38 h exposed group; survival rate and hatchability of chicks, oxidative stress in brain, liver and heart in the 14 days exposed group 890–915 MHz 0.79 W/kg continuous for 38 h digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, low level microwaves
Jensh RP et al. 1983 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body postnatal growth and psychophysiologic development/teratogenicity 2.45 GHz - continuous, 6 h/day through gestation microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Jensh RP 1984 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body postnatal psychophysiologic growth and development 6 GHz - continuous for 21 days during Gestation low level microwaves
Odaci E et al. 2013 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body spinal cord morphology and motor activity in young rats 900 MHz - intermittent for 1 hour/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy mobile phone, mobile communications
Poulletier de Gannes F et al. 2012 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body teratogenic effects (prenatal and postnatal development) 2,450 MHz 0.08–4 W/kg 2 h/day, 6 days/week for 18 days digital mobile phone, mobile communications, W-LAN/WiFi
Nelson BK et al. 1997 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 0.8–7.9 W/kg continuous for 2, 4 or 6 h RF field
Magras IN et al. 1997 animal, mouse/BALB/c/f, whole body teratogenicity 88.5–950 MHz 1.936 µW/g 5 pregnancies mobile communications, RF field, Radio/TV transmitter, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), AM radio transmitters, SW broadcast (KW)
Jensh RP et al. 1983 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body teratogenicity 2.45 GHz 3.6–5.2 W/kg 6 h/day during the whole pregnancy microwaves
Jensh RP 1984 animal, rat/Wistar albino teratogenicity 6 GHz 7.28 W/kg continuous through pregnancy (21 days) microwaves
Klug S et al. 1997 rat embryo culture teratogenicity 150 MHz 0.2–5 W/kg continuous for 36 h digital mobile phone, mobile communications, RF field
Nelson BK et al. 1991 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 0.8–6.6 W/kg until the rectal temperature increased to 42°C and a moderate incidence of external malformations were produced; total exposure time ca. 1 h RF field, CW continuous wave
Nelson BK et al. 1999 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 0.8–8 W/kg 20 min (to raise the temperature from its normal baseline to 41°C) plus 60 min RF field
Nelson BK et al. 2001 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 800 µW/g–7.9 mW/g continuous; 20 + 60 min RF field, CW continuous wave
Nelson BK et al. 1997 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 800 µW/g–6.6 mW/g ca. 30 min to raise the animal`s colonic temperature from 38°C to 42°C, then additional 10 min exposure to maintain the temperature at 42°C RF field
Nelson BK et al. 1994 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity (malformations of fetuses) 10 MHz 800 µW/g–6.6 mW/g 0, 10, 20 or 30 min RF field, CW continuous wave
Lee HJ et al. 2009 animal, mouse/ICR, whole body teratogenicity (mortality, growth retardation, head size, morphological malformations) 848.5 MHz 2–7.13 W/kg continuous 2 times 45 min/day, separated by 15 min, throughout gestation (17 days) mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications, RF field
Fragopoulou AF et al. 2010 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body teratogenicity, foetal development 900 MHz 0.6–0.94 W/kg continuous for 6 min/day or 30 min/day during 5 days before and during the whole pregnancy mobile phone, digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Cobb BL et al. 2000 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body teratogenicity/ontogeny 0.1–1 GHz 45 mW/kg repeated daily exposure for 2 min, see add. information microwave pulses, UWB
Nelson BK et al. 1998 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD-VAF/Plus, whole body teratogenicty 10 MHz 800 µW/g–8 mW/g 2 or 4 h RF field, CW continuous wave