この研究は、正常マウス（NT）及びアルツハイマー病様遺伝子導入したマウス（トランスジェニックマウス：Tg）のに携帯電話電磁界ばく露（918 MHz、250 mW/kg、1回1時間のばく露を1日2回）を与え、ばく露終了後に認知タスク（水迷路を用いた空間記憶や作業記憶タスク。なお、ばく露前にベースラインタスク実験。）を行わせ、また海馬と皮質の組織を分析した。NTおよびTgの幼若マウス24匹（ばく露開始時2月齢程度。ばく露期間は2.5ヶ月、4-5ヶ月、6-7ヶ月）、老齢マウス28匹（ばく露開始時5月齢程度。ばく露期間は2ヶ月、5ヶ月、8ヶ月）を用いた。その結果、長期のEMFばく露は、Tgマウスの脳のβアミロイドを減少させた；NTおよびTgマウスでの認知タスクの成績を向上させた、などアルツハイマー病に対する非侵襲的、非薬理的治療法の可能性が示されたと結論している。
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To elucidate effects of long-term electromagnetic field exposure (7-9 months) on Alzheimer's disease-like cognitive impairment and neuropathology, the authors exposed Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice and littermate non-transgenic mice to the same radiofrequency electromagnetic field level that the human head is exposed to during two one hour periods of mobile phone use (918 MHz; 250 mW/kg) each day.
One experiment was performed with yound adult mice and one experiment was performed with aged adult mice. In the young adult mice long-term study, a total of 24 transgenic mice and non-transgenic littermates (aged 2-2.5 months) were divided into the following four groups (n=6 per group): 1) transgenic control group, 2) transgenic exposure group, 3) non-transgenic control group and 4) non-transgenic exposure group. In the aged adult mice long-term study 12 transgenic and 16 non-transgenic mice were used (aged 4 months; n=5-8 mice/group).
Parental mice consisted of a mixed genetic background providing offspring consisting of transgenic and non-transgenic genotypes (i.e. non-transgenic littermates).
A modified cognitive interference task was performed that is utilized in humans to differentiate aged non-demented, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease patients from one another.
Additional groups of mice of the same genotypes were used for an acute temperature study (brain and rectal temperature were measured).
In vitro studies with hippocampus tissues were also performed to investigate amyloid beta protein aggregation.
| ばく露 | パラメータ |
|---|---|
|
ばく露1:
918 MHz
ばく露時間:
2 times (early morning and late afternoon) 1 h/day for 9.5 months
young adult - long term exposure
|
|
|
ばく露2:
918 MHz
ばく露時間:
2 times (early morning and late afternoon) 1 h/day for 8.5 months
aged adult - long term exposure
|
|
|
ばく露3:
918 MHz
ばく露時間:
2 times (early morning and late afternoon) 1 h
aged adult - acute exposure
|
|
|
ばく露4:
918 MHz
ばく露時間:
2 times (early morning and late afternoon) 1 h for 6 days
in vitro study
|
|
for the long term in vivo studies animals were treated in four groups: i) transgenetic control ii) transgenetic with EMF exposure iii) non-transgenetic control iv) non-transgenetic with EMF exposure
| 周波数 | 918 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 2 times (early morning and late afternoon) 1 h/day for 9.5 months |
| Additional information | young adult - long term exposure |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| Distance between exposed object and exposure source | 26 cm |
| ばく露装置の詳細 | animal cages arranged circularly around the centrally located antenna inside a 4 m x 4 m x 4 m Faraday cage |
| 測定量 | 値 | 種別 | Method | Mass | 備考 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAR | 250 mW/kg | - | - | whole body | - |
| 周波数 | 918 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 2 times (early morning and late afternoon) 1 h/day for 8.5 months |
| Additional information | aged adult - long term exposure |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| Distance between exposed object and exposure source | 26 cm |
| 測定量 | 値 | 種別 | Method | Mass | 備考 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAR | 250 mW/kg | - | - | whole body | - |
| 周波数 | 918 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 2 times (early morning and late afternoon) 1 h |
| Additional information | aged adult - acute exposure |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| Distance between exposed object and exposure source | 26 cm |
| Sham exposure | A sham exposure was conducted. |
| 測定量 | 値 | 種別 | Method | Mass | 備考 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAR | 250 mW/kg | - | - | whole body | - |
| 周波数 | 918 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 2 times (early morning and late afternoon) 1 h for 6 days |
| Additional information | in vitro study |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| Distance between exposed object and exposure source | 26 cm |
| Sham exposure | A sham exposure was conducted. |
| 測定量 | 値 | 種別 | Method | Mass | 備考 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAR | 250 mW/kg | - | - | whole body | - |
The data showed that long-term intermittent electromagnetic field exposure: 1) protects young adult transgenic mice from later cognitive impairment, 2) reverses cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease-like brain pathology in older transgenic mice, and 3) increases cognitive performance of normal non-transgenic mice.
In Alzheimer's disease mice, long-term electromagnetic field exposure reduced brain amyloid beta protein deposition through amyloid beta protein anti-aggregation actions (demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies) and increased brain temperature during exposure periods. The analysis of oxidative markers from brains of mice in the young adult long-term study revealed minimal or no EMF-induced effects on DNA repair enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, or extent of protein oxidative damage.
The authors propose several interrelated mechanisms of electromagnetic field action, including increased amyloid beta protein clearance from the brains of Alzheimer's disease mice, increased neuronal activity, and increased cerebral blood flow. Although caution should be taken in extrapolating these mouse studies to humans, the authors conclude that electromagnetic field exposure may represent a non-invasive, non-pharmacologic therapeutic against Alzheimer's disease and an effective memory-enhancing approach in general.
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