Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kumar S et al. | 2014 | 動物, rat/Wistar albino, 全身 | effects on testis and sperms | 1,910.5 MHz | 0.0226–1.34 W/kg | continuous for 2 hours/day on 6 days/week for 60 days | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム |
Belyaev IY et al. | 2005 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | 染色質構造及び53BP1フォーカス形成(DNA損傷), アポトーシス | 50 Hz | 37 mW/kg | continuous for 2 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波, 50/60 Hz (AC) |
Markova E et al. | 2005 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | chromatin conformation, analysis of tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) and of phosphorylated histone H2AX (gamma-H2AX) | 905–915 MHz | 37 mW/kg | continuous for 1 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波 |
Belyaev I et al. | 2010 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, mesenchymal stem cells and primary cultures of human fibroblasts (VH-10) | DNA double-strand breaks and double-strand break repair (53BP1 foci formation) | 905 MHz | 37–39 mW/kg | continuous for 1 h, 2 h or 3 h | 携帯電話, GSM, UMTS, 移動体通信システム |
Belyaev IY et al. | 2009 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | genotoxic effects and stress response | 905–915 MHz | 37–40 mW/kg | 1 h | 移動体通信システム, デジタル携帯電話, GSM, UMTS |
Hekmat A et al. | 2013 | DNA/RNA | DNA structure | 940 MHz | 40 mW/kg | continuous for 45 minutes | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界 |
Zong C et al. | 2015 | 動物, mouse/ICR, 全身 | DNA damage in leukocytes, oxidative stress and antioxidative status in plasma, liver and lung | 900 MHz | 50 mW/kg | continuous for 4 h/day for 7 days | 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, CW 連続波, 共ばく露 |
Schwarz C et al. | 2008 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, ES-1, IH-9, HW-2 (human diploid fibroblasts) and lymphocytes | formation of micronuclei | 1,950 MHz | 0.05–2 W/kg | continuous for 24 h | デジタル携帯電話, UMTS, 移動体通信システム |
Vijayalaxmi et al. | 2003 | 動物, rat/Fischer 344, 全身, 身体の一部: head | formation of micronuclei | 1.6 GHz | 0.077–1.6 W/kg | 2 h/day, 7 days/week,starting on day 19 of gestation and lasting until the offspring reached an age of 3 weeks | IRIDIUM, 移動体通信システム |
Sakuma N et al. | 2006 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, A172 (human glioblastoma cells) and IMR90 fibroblasts (from fetal lungs) | DNA damage | 2.1425 GHz | 80–800 mW/kg | continuous for 2 or 24 hours | UMTS, 移動体通信システム |
Antonopoulos A et al. | 1998 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | frequency of sister-chromatid exchange, velocity of cell cycle | 380 MHz | 82.9–1,700 mW/kg | continuous for 48, 52, 56, 64, and 68 h | 移動体通信システム, GSM |
Aitken RJ et al. | 2005 | 動物, mouse/CD-1 Swiss, 全身 | DNA damage in spermatozoa | 900 MHz | 90 mW/kg | repeated daily exposure, 12 h/day for 7 days | GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Gandhi G et al. | 2005 | ヒト, 全身, 身体の一部: head | DNA damage (chromosome aberration and micronuclei formation) | - | 0.1–1.92 W/kg | 2.16 hr/day - 16 hr/day for up to 5 years | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム |
McNamee JP et al. | 2002 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | DNA damage and formation of miconuclei | 1.9 GHz | 0.1–10 W/kg | continuous for 2 h | TDMA, 移動体通信システム |
McNamee JP et al. | 2002 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | DNA damage; formation of miconuclei | 1.9 GHz | 0.1–10 W/kg | continuous for 2 h | GSM, PCS, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波 |
Gos P et al. | 2000 | yeast, <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>/RS112<sup>a</sup>, RSY6 S35/2-10C, WDHY907<sup>b</sup> (ARG+ revertant; <i>CAN1</i> encodes the arginine permease), FY3<sup>c</sup> | mutagenesis and genomic stability (mutation rate and deletions) | 900 MHz | 0.13–1.3 W/kg | continuous for 1 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, PW パルス波 |
Ziemann C et al. | 2009 | 動物, mouse/B6C3F1/CrlBR, 全身 | formation of micronuclei | 902 MHz | 0.14–4 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day, 5 days/weeks for 2 years (see also add. information for exp. setup) | 移動体通信システム, デジタル携帯電話, GSM |
Zeni O et al. | 2012 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | micronucleus formation | 1,950 MHz | 0.15–1.25 W/kg | continuous for 20 h | デジタル携帯電話, UMTS, W-CDMA, 移動体通信システム |
Zeni O et al. | 2003 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | incidence of micronuclei, cell cycle kinetics | 900 MHz | 0.2–1.6 W/kg | intermittent; 6 min on/3 h off, 14 on/off cycles of exposure, altogether 44 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Waldmann P et al. | 2013 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, human peripheral blood lymphocytes | DNA damage | 1,800 MHz | 0.2–10 W/kg | intermittent (5 min on, 10 min off) for 28 hours | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Esmekaya MA et al. | 2011 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, human peripheral blood lymphocytes | mutation rate, cell viability and cell morphology of human peripheral blood lymphocytes | 1.8 GHz | 0.21 W/kg | continuous for 6, 8, 12 and 48 h | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波, PW パルス波, 共ばく露 |
Gurbuz N et al. | 2014 | 動物, rat/Wistar albino, 全身 | micronucleus formation in exfoliated bladder cells | 1,800 MHz | 0.23 W/kg | continuous for 30 minutes/day, 6 days/week for 1 or 2 months | GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Bourthoumieu S et al. | 2010 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, amniotic cells | chromosomal damage, chromosome aberrations | 900 MHz | 0.25–2 W/kg | continuous for 24 hr | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Kesari KK et al. | 2014 | 動物, rat/ Wistar, 全身 | DNA damage, protein expression, apoptosis and oxidative stress in brain | 2,115 MHz | 0.26–0.9 W/kg | continuous for 2 hours/day for 60 days | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム |
Takahashi S et al. | 2002 | 動物, mouse/Big Blue (BBM, transgenic for the <i>lac</i>I marker gene in lambda phage; C57BL/6 background), 身体の一部: head | mutation frequency | 1.5 GHz | 0.27–2 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 90 min/day, 5 days/week for 2 or 4 weeks | PDC, TDMA, 移動体通信システム |
Sannino A et al. | 2014 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, human lymphocytes | DNA damage (micronucleus formation) | 1,950 MHz | 0.3 W/kg | continuous for 20 hours | 携帯電話, UMTS, 移動体通信システム |
Verschaeve L et al. | 2006 | 動物, rat/Wistar, 全身 | DNA damage | 900 MHz | 0.3–0.9 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 24 months | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Zeni O et al. | 2005 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, human peripheral blood leukocytes | occurence of DNA damages | 900 MHz | 0.3–1 W/kg | continuous for 2 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波 |
Gorlitz BD et al. | 2005 | 動物, mouse/B6C3F1, 全身 | induction of micronuclei | 902–1,747 MHz | 0.33–33.2 mW/g | repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day, for 5 days | GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Souza LCM et al. | 2014 | ヒト, 身体の一部 | nuclear abnormalities | 850–1,900 MHz | 0.344–1.38 W/kg | > 5 hours mobile phone use per week | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム |
Juutilainen J et al. | 2007 | 動物, mouse/CBA/S and transgenic of the line K2 (over-expressing the human ODC gene) and non-transgenic littermate, 全身 | formation of micronuclei | 849 MHz | 0.35–1.5 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 1.5 h/day, 5 days/week, for 78 weeks | アナログ携帯電話, デジタル携帯電話, GSM, NMT, D-AMPS, 移動体通信システム |
Sekeroglu V et al. | 2012 | 動物, rat/Wistar albino, 全身 | DNA damage (chromosome aberration, micronucleus test), cytotoxicity | 1,800 MHz | 0.37–0.49 W/kg | continuous for two hours/day for 45 days | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Atli Sekeroglu Z et al. | 2013 | 動物, rat/Wistar albino, 全身 | DNA damage, cytotoxicity | 900 MHz | 0.37–0.76 W/kg | continuous for 2 h/day for 45 days | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, CW 連続波 |
Maes A et al. | 1997 | blood samples | chromosome aberration; single-strand breaks (comet assay) | 935.2 MHz | 0.4 W/kg | continuous for 2 h | 移動体通信システム, GSM, RF電磁界, マイクロ波 |
Belyaev IY et al. | 2006 | 動物, rat/Fischer 344, 全身 | DNA strand breaks, changes in chromatin conformation, gene expression | 915 MHz | 0.4 mW/g | continuous for 2 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波 |
Sahin D et al. | 2016 | 動物, rat/Wistar albino, 全身 | oxidative DNA damage in the brain | 2,100 MHz | 0.4 W/kg | - | 携帯電話, UMTS, 移動体通信システム |
Gustavino B et al. | 2016 | 植物, broad bean (<i>Vicia faba</i> L.) (seedlings), 全身 | micronuclei in secondary root tips | 915 MHz | 0.4–1.6 W/kg | continuous for 72 hours | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム, CW 連続波 |
Maes A et al. | 2001 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchange | 900 MHz | 0.4–10 W/kg | continuous for 2 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波, CW 連続波, PW パルス波 |
De Iuliis GN et al. | 2009 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, human spermatozoa | sperm motility, sperm vitality, sperm density, DNA damage and production of reactive oxygen species | 1.8 GHz | 0.4–27.5 W/kg | continuous for 16 hr | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム |
Manti L et al. | 2008 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | chromosome aberrations | 1.95 GHz | 0.5–2 W/kg | continuous for 24 h | デジタル携帯電話, UMTS, CDMA, 移動体通信システム |
Wang X et al. | 2015 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, Neuro-2a (mouse neuroblastoma) cells | DNA damage, oxidative stress and cell viability | 900 MHz | 0.5–2 W/kg | continuous for 24 hours | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, 共ばく露 |
Jiang B et al. | 2012 | 動物, mouse/ICR, 全身 | DNA damage (alkali labile sites and DNA single-strand breaks) | 900 MHz | 548 mW/kg | continuous for 4 hours/day for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days | 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, 無線送信機, 共ばく露 |
Liu C et al. | 2013 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, GC-2 cells (murine spermatocyte-derived cell line) | DNA damage | - | 0.585–0.813 W/kg | - | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, PW パルス波, 共ばく露 |
Gandhi G et al. | 2005 | ヒト, 全身 | DNA and chromosome damage | 800–2,000 MHz | 0.59–1.56 W/kg | 1 h - 15 h per day for 1 year to 5 years | 携帯電話, GSM, CDMA, 移動体通信システム |
Malyapa RS et al. | 1997 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, C3H 10T1/2 cells (derived from mouse embryo fibroblasts) and U87MG (human glioblastoma cells) | DNA damage (comet assay) | 835.62 MHz | 0.6 W/kg | continuous for 2, 4 or 24 h | 移動体通信システム, CDMA, RF電磁界, CW 連続波 |
Gajski G et al. | 2009 | whole blood samples | DNA damage and protective effect of honeybee venom | 915 MHz | 0.6 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波 |
Hussein S et al. | 2016 | 動物, rat | changes and damage in the rat brain | 1,800 MHz | 0.6 W/kg | continuous for 120 min/day for three months | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム |
Karaca E et al. | 2012 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | DNA damage (micronucleus assay), gene expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes | 10.715 GHz | 0.725 W/kg | continuous for 6 h per day for 3 days | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, マイクロ波 |
Cam ST et al. | 2012 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, ヒト, 身体の一部: right ear | DNA single-strand breaks | 900 MHz | 0.974 W/kg | continuous for 15 min or 30 min | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Sannino A et al. | 2009 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | DNA damage | 900 MHz | 1 W/kg | continuous for 1 h or 24 h | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, 共ばく露 |
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