Medizinische/biologische Studie (experimentelle Studie)

Carcinogenicity study of GSM and DCS wireless communication signals in B6C3F1 mice med./bio.

[Studie zur Karzinogenität von GSM- und DCS-drahtlosen Kommunikationssignalen bei B6C3F1-Mäusen]

Von: Tillmann T, Ernst H, Ebert S, Kuster N, Behnke W, Rittinghausen S, Dasenbrock C

Veröffentlicht in: Bioelectromagnetics 2007; 28 (3): 173-187

Ziel der Studie (lt. Autor)

In dieser in vivo-Studie sollten mögliche karzinogene Wirkungen bei Mäusen, die bei 900 MHz (GSM) und 1747 MHz (DCS) hochfrequenter Befeldung exponiert wurden, bewertet werden.

Hintergrund/weitere Details

Insgesamt wurden 1170 Mäuse über eine Zeitspanne von zwei Jahren bei drei unterschiedlichen Ganzkörper-gemittelten spezifischen Absorptionsraten exponiert.

Endpunkt

Krebs: karzinogene Wirkung

Exposition/Befeldung (teilweise nur auf Englisch)

- Mobilfunk
- GSM

Exposition	Parameter
Exposition 1: 902–1.747 MHz Modulationsart: gepulst Expositionsdauer: täglich wiederholte Exposition, 2 h/Tag, 5 Tage/Woche, für 2 Jahre	SAR: 33,2 mW/g Spitzenwert (Ganzkörper) SAR: 4 mW/g Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper) (Phase II: 2,8 mW/g und Phase III: 1,0 mW/g) SAR: 11,1 mW/g Spitzenwert (Ganzkörper) SAR: 1,3 mW/g Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper) (Phase II: 0,93 mW/g und Phase III: 0,35 mW/g) SAR: 3,7 mW/g Spitzenwert (Ganzkörper) SAR: 0,4 mW/g Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper) (Phase II: 0,35 mW/g und Phase III: 0,11 mW/g)

Exposition

Parameter

Exposition 1: 902–1.747 MHz

Modulationsart: gepulst

Expositionsdauer: täglich wiederholte Exposition, 2 h/Tag, 5 Tage/Woche, für 2 Jahre

SAR: 33,2 mW/g Spitzenwert (Ganzkörper)
SAR: 4 mW/g Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper) (Phase II: 2,8 mW/g und Phase III: 1,0 mW/g)
SAR: 11,1 mW/g Spitzenwert (Ganzkörper)
SAR: 1,3 mW/g Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper) (Phase II: 0,93 mW/g und Phase III: 0,35 mW/g)
SAR: 3,7 mW/g Spitzenwert (Ganzkörper)
SAR: 0,4 mW/g Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper) (Phase II: 0,35 mW/g und Phase III: 0,11 mW/g)

Exposition 1

Hauptcharakteristika

Frequenz	902–1.747 MHz
Typ	elektromagnetisches Feld
Expositionsdauer	täglich wiederholte Exposition, 2 h/Tag, 5 Tage/Woche, für 2 Jahre
Zusatzinfo	Exposure was performed with a 902 MHz GSM or a 1747 MHz DCS signal. Reference article: Ebert S, Berdinas Torres V, Frohlich J, Kuster N. 2006. SAR uniformity in Ferris wheel setups used in RF exposure of mice at 900 MHz. (In preparation).

Modulation

Modulationsart	gepulst
Pulsbreite	0,57 ms
Tastgrad	12,5 %
Zusatzinfo	The exposure signal applied consisted of three phases, each lasting 40 min: GSM Basic (non-DTX), GSM Talk consisting of random changes between the non-DTX (2/3) and DTX (1/3) modes, and GSM Environment consisting of a GSM Talk signal further amplitude-modulated by a statistically calculated power control function, based on data presented by Wiart et al. [2001, publication 12955]. Each timeslot was modulated with a standard random code.

Expositionsaufbau

Expositionsquelle	radialer Wellenleiter signal generator
Kammer	Two exposure systems, one for each frequency, were located in separate rooms. Each system consisted of a signal generation unit, control and monitoring unit, and four "Ferris wheel" exposure units, one for each dose level (high, medium, low, and sham). The "Ferris wheel" concept developed by Balzano et al. [2000, publication 7306] was adopted and optimized for this study.
Aufbau	Each wheel, enabling exposure of up to 65 animals, consisted of two parallel, circular, stainless steel metal plates, 117 mm apart, with a conical (GSM) or bi-conical (DCS) antenna in their center, and stainless steel poles forming a short-cut of the cylindrical cavity at a radius of 755 mm. The animals, restrained in tubes similar to those used and approved for inhalation studies, were positioned at a radius (center of wheel to center of tubes) of 700 mm for GSM and 670 mm for DCS. In order to maintain a symmetrical load, missing animals were replaced by conical plastic tubes filled with 36 ml of liquid simulating the dielectrical parameters of muscle tissue. Higher modes were reduced by dielectric bricks between the animals at 902 MHz. Details of the setup and dosimetry are provided in Ebert et al. [2006] (in preparation).
Schein-Exposition	Eine Schein-Exposition wurde durchgeführt.
Zusatzinfo	Male or female mice were each randomized by weight into 9 treatment groups: 2 x 4 RF dose groups (incl. sham) and one untreated cage control group. Loading and unloading of the exposure wheel was done first in/first out resulting in an additional restraint time of up to 32 min for each mouse. The study was performed blind to all scientists involved.

Parameter

Messgröße	Wert	Typ	Methode	Masse	Bemerkungen
SAR	33,2 mW/g	Spitzenwert	berechnet und gemessen	Ganzkörper	-
SAR	4 mW/g	Mittelwert über Zeit	berechnet und gemessen	Ganzkörper	Phase II: 2,8 mW/g und Phase III: 1,0 mW/g
SAR	11,1 mW/g	Spitzenwert	berechnet und gemessen	Ganzkörper	-
SAR	1,3 mW/g	Mittelwert über Zeit	berechnet und gemessen	Ganzkörper	Phase II: 0,93 mW/g und Phase III: 0,35 mW/g
SAR	3,7 mW/g	Spitzenwert	berechnet und gemessen	Ganzkörper	-
SAR	0,4 mW/g	Mittelwert über Zeit	berechnet und gemessen	Ganzkörper	Phase II: 0,35 mW/g und Phase III: 0,11 mW/g

Zusätzliche Parameterdetails

The maximum slot-averaged whole-body exposure (peak SAR level) was the same for all three phases; however, the resulting average SAR level varied: 100% (GSM Basic),70% (GSM Talk), and 26% (GSM Environment). These values have been averaged over 2 years.

Mess- und Berechnungsdetails

The incident field was adjusted according to a numerically determined dose-weight function in order to maintain the same exposure independent of the animal's weight/age. Exposure levels were monitored and automatically controlled using two electric field sensors inside each wheel. The dosimetry provided information about whole body, organ and peak spatial average SARs as well as about uncertainty and instant and lifetime variations. Values assessed using the methodology of Kuster et al. [2006, publication 13770] are presented in two tables. The whole-body exposure as well as the specific organ SARs were several magnitudes larger than those of humans during phone or base station exposure. Several pre-tests showed that the high dose level was close to, yet below, the thermal threshold. [Ebert et al., 2005, publication 12740].

Exponiertes System:

Tier
Maus/B6C3F1

Methoden Endpunkt/Messparameter/Methodik

Krebs: karzinogene Wirkung: Organ-bezogene Tumor-Inzidenz, klassifiziert gemäß der WHO/IARC-Nomenklatur (Messung des Organ-Gewichts, Lichtmikroskopie)
Wirkungen auf das Immunsystem: hämatologische Analyse (Erythrozyten-Anzahl, Hämoglobin, Hämatokrit, mittleres Erythrozyten-Volumen/-Hämoglobin-Masse/-Hämoglobin-Konzentration, Thrombozyten-Anzahl, Leukozyten-Anzahl total/differenziert)
morphologische/histopathologische Veränderungen: siehe "Krebs"
Futterverbrauch, Körpergewicht, Mortalität

Untersuchtes System:

isolierte biol./chemische Substanz (in vitro)
intakte Zelle/Zellkultur (in vitro)
Gewebeschnitt (in vitro)
isoliertes Organ (in vitro)

Untersuchtes Organsystem:

endokrines System
Fortpflanzungssystem
Immunsystem
respiratorisches System
Hypophyse, Harderian-Drüse, Lunge, Leber, Nebenniere, Uterus

Untersuchungszeitpunkt:

während der Befeldung
nach der Befeldung

Hauptergebnis der Studie (lt. Autor)

Es wurde kein signifikanter Anstieg in der Organ-bezogenen-Tumor-Inzidenz irgendeiner bestimmten Tumor-Art bei der unter hochfrequenter Befeldung exponierten Gruppe beobachtet.

Studienmerkmale:

medizinische/biologische Studie
experimentelle Studie
Voll-/Hauptstudie
Blind-Studie

Studie gefördert durch

Austrian Government
European Union (EU)/European Commission
GSM Association, UK/Ireland
Mobile Manufacturers Forum (MMF), Belgium
Swiss Government

Kommentare zu diesem Artikel

Lin JC (2009): Cell-Phone Radiation and Cancer Studies in Normal Mice

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